福岛核事故后续风波 | 外刊精读

学英语,总会有好事发生的。
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本期精读的文章来自The Economist对于福岛核事故影响的报道:Was shutting Japan’s reactors deadlier than the Fukushima disaster?


2011年3月日本福岛核电站因受地震和海啸影响发生了核泄漏,事故发生后日本关闭了全国的核电站,但这也带来了电价上涨以及化石燃料发电比重大幅度上升的后果。由于电价上涨,很多人减少了冬季取暖设施使用,这导致冬季死于寒冷的人数增多,同时化石燃料的使用也加剧了空气污染。


(小标题中reaction是一语双关,它既可以指核反应,也可以指日本对核事故的反应)


文章对关闭核电站带来的一系列影响进行了分析,其中有不少值得学习的语言点,我在下文做了一些解读:




首段介绍了事件背景:福岛核事故发生后日本关闭了国内所有核电站,但最新的研究显示这一举措杀死的人要远比核事故的多。



Snuggled amid lush fields and forests, Namie was doomed by its proximity to the local power plant.


依偎在郁郁葱葱的田野和森林中,浪江町因其靠近当地发电厂而遭遇了厄运。


作者将日本小镇浪江町拟人化,用snuggle来形容它被田野和森林环绕的状态。Snuggle意思是“舒适地偎依,躺下”(to settle into a warm comfortable position),例如:The children snuggled up to their mother to get warm. 孩子们紧紧地偎依在母亲身边取暖。



In 2011 the town’s 21,000 residents were ordered to evacuate after a tsunami overwhelmed the Fukushima nuclear facility 4km away. Soon after, all 54 reactors in Japan were shut down amid safety fears, winking out nearly 50 gigawatts of generating capacity.


由于2011年的一场海啸席卷了4公里外的福岛核设施,该镇的21000名居民被命令撤离。此后不久,由于担心安全问题,日本的所有54座核反应堆都被关闭,这减少了将近500亿瓦的发电量。


shut down这一短语值得特别注意,当我们要描述公司、工厂以及设备等关闭时,可以说something shuts down,也可以说something is shut down,比如:Our local hardware shop has shut down. 我们当地的五金店关门了。



wink out也是一个短语,意思是“终止,结束”(to come to a close)



A new paper argues that that decision may have cost far more lives than the initial disaster.


一篇新论文指出,这一决定造成的生命损失可能比一开始的核事故还要多得多。


paper这里指的是“学术论文”,that decision则指的是上一句提到的”all 54 reactors in Japan were shut down”




第二段介绍了日本关闭核电站带来的后果:化石燃料发电的比例上升,电价上涨。



The Fukushima accident led to a surge in imports of coal, gas and oil. In the four years after the meltdown, the share of generation from fossil fuels leapt from 62% to 88%.


福岛事故导致煤炭、天然气和石油进口激增。危机发生后的四年中,化石燃料发电的份额从62%跃升至88%。


在形容化石燃料发电的份额快速上升时作者用的词是leap,它可以用来代替常见的说法increase/rise quickly



Nuclear power, which once produced over 30% of Japan’s electricity, fell to zero. The result, say three academics, was a sharp spike in electricity prices.


核能生产的电力在日本占比曾经达到30%以上,如今发电量已降至零。三位学者说,这带来了电价急剧上涨的结果。


spike在这里用得很巧妙,它可以指“(价格、数量等的)突然上升”,同时它还有一个含义“电子窄脉冲”(a sudden increase in the amount of electricity that a system produces),这与句子讨论电能的语境相关。




第三段介绍了人们应对高电价的方式以及由此带来的后果。



Many people responded to higher prices, in turn, by switching off their electric heaters.


面对高电价,很多人因此选择了关掉电热器。


in turn在这里的意思相当于as a result of something in a series of events,意思是“相应的,继而”,比如:I supported him and expected that he, in turn, would support me.



The increased exposure to the cold in winter caused an additional 1,280 deaths from 2011 to 2014, the authors claim.


作者们声称,从2011到2014年期间有额外的1280人死于冬季过多暴露在寒冷中。


increase这一词基本上所有人都认识,但懂得用increased的人很少,这是一个形容词,意思是“更多的,更大的”(greater in size, amount, or degree)。这是一个在话题作文中经常可以用到的表达,比如要表达“抽二手烟会导致得肺癌的风险增加”,我们可以说:


Passive smoking can lead to an increased risk of lung cancer.


又比如“研究发现在家工作能够增加员工的工作满意度”,可以说:


Studies show that working from home is associated with increasedemployee satisfaction.



Given that fossil fuels are far dirtier than nuclear power, the shift almost certainly added to air pollution and thus to respiratory ailments, the authors add, although they did not try to quantify this effect.


作者们补充说,鉴于化石燃料比核能要更“脏”,这种向使用更多化石燃料的转变几乎可以肯定会加剧空气污染,进而加剧呼吸系统疾病,尽管他们并未试图量化这种影响。


要表达“XXX加剧了某事物”,可以说 XXX adds to something 比如要表达“她的研究已经极大加深了我们对这一学科的认识”,可以说:Her research has greatly added to our knowledge of the subject.


比如最近有一名叫李诞的脱口秀演员很火,很多人认识他也是从《奇葩说》(英文:U Can U Bibi)开始的,我们可以说:


The Chinese debate show U Can U Bibi has added to the fame of Li Dan, a popular talk show actor.




第四段对福岛核事故以及后续撤离带来的伤亡情况进行了分析。



The paper is part of a reassessment of Japan’s response to the world’s worst nuclear disaster since Chernobyl in 1986.


该论文是对日本应对福岛核事故情况进行重新评估的一部分,福岛核事故是自1986年切尔诺贝利事故以来最严重的核灾难。



At least 2,000 people died because of the Fukushima evacuation, some in the chaos immediately after the accident, and more from secondary health problems such as stress, suicide and interrupted medical care. Deaths from exposure to radiation, in contrast, are in the single digits.


至少有2000人死于福岛核事故后的疏散过程。一些人在事故带来的混乱中丧生,还有更多人死于继发性健康问题,例如压力、自杀以及医疗中断。与之相比,因遭到辐射而导致的死亡仅为个位数。


in/by contrast用于对两个事物进行比较,很多同学容易将它和另一个短语混淆:on the contrary


on the contrary主要用于对前面提到观点进行反驳,不用于两个事物的比较。例如:


"Didn't you find the film exciting?" "On the contrary, I nearly fell asleep half way through it!"



The precautionary principle—taking dramatic action to prevent a worst-case scenario—resulted in poor policymaking in this instance, concludes Matthew Neidell of Columbia University, one of the paper’s authors.


该论文作者之一是哥伦比亚大学的马修·奈德尔。他总结说,这种预防性原则(采取重大行动以防止最坏的情况发生)在这一事故中导致决策不力。




结尾段介绍了福岛核事故带来的长远影响。



It would have been bizarre if such a dramatic failure had not been followed by a thorough safety review.


对于这样一次惨痛的失败,如果人们在事后仍没有进行彻底的安全检查,那么会显得很奇怪。


这句话是虚拟语气,用于对过去发生的事情进行虚拟。日本在福岛核事故后采取了一系列严格的安全措施,包括关停所有核电站。作者写这句话的用意是赞同日本在核事故后采取的措施,尽管它带来了电价上涨等问题。



A second meltdown would have been vastly more damaging than the reactor shutdown, given that the first is estimated to have cost more than $700bn.


考虑到第一次核反应堆熔毁带来的损失预计超过7000亿美元,第二次熔毁造成的后果本来会远超关闭核反应堆造成的损失。


这里同样采用了虚拟语气,对第二次熔毁可能带来的后果进行假设(实际上第二次熔毁并没有发生)。作者用这句话再次证明日本关闭核反应堆以避免二次熔毁的正确性。



But whatever the merits of the decision to mothball all reactors, nuclear power remains unpopular in Japan. Most people are opposed to restarting any reactors.


但不论关闭所有反应堆这一决定带来的好处有多少,核电在日本仍然不受欢迎。大多数人反对重启任何反应堆。


这一句话对前面进行了转折:不管日本做出关闭核反应堆的决定有多么正确,核电在日本仍然不受欢迎。mothball意思是“长期关闭(工厂); 封存(机器设备等)”,比如:The hospital manager said the project would be mothballed until funding became available. 医院院长说,这个项目要暂时搁一搁,等到有资金了再说。



Just nine have come back online—and various lawsuits and pressure groups aim to turn them off again.


只有9个核反应堆重新开始运行,但各种诉讼和压力集团正致力于将它们再次关停。


online在这里不是“上网”的意思,而是指“生产运行”(operating and supplying a particular service)




Evacuation orders for towns like Namie have been lifted, yet 35,000 people refuse to return. Even if there is not that much radiation, Japan continues to suffer from the fallout.


对于像浪江町这种小镇的撤离命令已经解除,但仍有35000人拒绝回去。尽管辐射已经所剩无几,但日本仍在承受核事故带来的后果。


外刊文章的最后一句一般都喜欢用双关手法点题,这篇也不例外。fallout这一单词既可以表示“(核爆炸后产生的)放射性落尘”,也可以表示“不良影响,恶果”(the unpleasant results or effects of an action or event)。单词放在句子结尾非常巧妙,令人回味无穷。



今天我们学习了以下几个重点句型和表达:


(1) shut down


(2) increased 


(3) XXX adds to something


(4) on the contrary


感兴趣的同学可以使用这些句型造句以加深印象。



推荐阅读:


每个人都值得拥有几本好词典


"move time back"究竟是将时间延后还是提前?


这个双重否定句应该如何理解?

发布于 2020-11-19 14:08:18
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