翻译工作坊|刑法中的刑与罚

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在美国,各州可以对大多数犯罪及其惩罚进行定义和分类。大多数州以某种方式将轻罪(misdemeanor)和重罪(felony)分类——例如,“A类[B类,C类]轻罪”或“B1类重罪”——并根据特定的A类罪行予以惩罚。这意味着犯罪的分类以及与之相关的惩罚因州而异,一个州的轻罪在另一个州可能就是重罪。[1]本期翻译工作坊将带您走近轻罪与重罪这两个概念并了解相关刑罚。

 

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重罪[2]Felony
01

定义:

(1)普通法中,指涉及没收罪犯的土地与财产归国王所有,并根据其犯罪行为的轻重另行处以死刑或其他刑罚的严重犯罪。1967年,英国完全取消了重罪与轻罪的划分,重罪一词不再使用。重罪与轻罪之分已被可逮捕罪(arrestable offence)与不逮捕罪(non-arrestable offence)之分取代。在美国,重罪是指对某些比较严重罪行的总称。某些州则据如下标准进行犯罪分类:1.罪犯关押地——是州监狱(prison)还是教养收容所(penitentiary);2.可能最长刑期。许多州的制定法都规定重罪是指应判处一年以上监禁或死刑的犯罪。美国联邦和许多州的刑法典都规定了重罪种类或级别及与之相适应的刑罚。重罪犯可能丧失许多轻罪犯不会丧失的权利,如选举、律师执业、就任政府官员、做陪审员等。

 

主要包括:

Classification by subject matter, felonies may include but are not limited to the following:

根据标的,重罪包括以下类别(但不限于以下类别):

murder  

谋杀

aggravated assault or battery     

加重的企图伤害罪或殴打罪

manslaughter   (unintentional killing of another)

过失杀人

animal cruelty

虐待动物罪

arson

纵火

burglary

入室盗窃

robbery/Extortion

抢劫/勒索

tax evasion

逃税

fraud

欺诈

cybercrime

网络犯罪

identity theft

身份盗窃

 

以官方文书举例:

(1)No person convicted of a felony shall own, possess or be eligible to register any rifle, shotgun, pistol, revolver, or automatic weapon.

任何被判重罪的人,不得拥有、占有或有资格登记任何步枪、猎枪、手枪、左轮手枪或自动武器。(Criminal Law Workbook)

(2)Whoever has or carries concealed upon his person any pistol, revolver or other firearm without a written license therefor, shall be fined not more than $500 or imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both; or he shall have been convicted of a felony, shall be imprisoned not more than 5 years.

未经书面许可,私藏或携带手枪、左轮手枪或其他枪支的,处五百美元以下罚款或一年以下监禁,或二者兼有之;被判处重罪的,处五年以下监禁。(Criminal Law Workbook[3]

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轻罪[4]Misdemeanor
02

定义:

    轻罪(misdemeanor)来自风度(demeanor),指的是“对他人的行为”或“对外界的态度”(如“他安静的行为举止”),它本身源于动词demean,意思是“行为举止得体”。因此,轻罪的字面意思是“对他人的不良行为”。这导致了一般不良行为和合法不良行为的平行用法。

    在美国法律中,轻罪是“比重罪轻的犯罪”。重罪的定义是“可判处死刑或一年以上监禁的联邦罪行”。随着轻罪变得更加具体,犯罪(crime)成为任何法律罪行的更普遍的术语。

 

轻罪包括以下类别(但不限于以下类别):

Traffic offenses, especially those 

involving DUI or drunk driving

交通犯罪,特别是涉及酒驾或醉驾的犯罪。

Assault and battery and other 

relatively minor offenses involving bodily harm

攻击和殴打以及其他涉及身体伤害的相对较轻的罪行。

Theft, larceny, and other similar 

crimes involving property

盗窃、偷窃以及其他涉及财产的类似犯罪

Possession of a controlled 

substance and various drug crimes

持有受控物质和各种毒品犯罪

Perjury crimes

伪证罪

Obscenity and other related 

crimes

淫秽和其他相关罪行

Gun possession violations

违规持枪

What are the different classifications of misdemeanors?

Many states classify misdemeanors, with varying levels of punishment for the different classes. Those schemes typically differentiate types of misdemeanors based on the dollar amount of the loss (property offenses) or the seriousness of the injury (bodily crimes against a person). A common approach is to categorize misdemeanors as Class 1, Class 2, Class 3 and Class 4, or, alternatively, Class A, Class B, Class C and Class D. In those jurisdictions, the Class 1/Class A misdemeanors are the most serious.

Another approach is to identify some misdemeanors as “gross misdemeanors,” which carry more serious penalties. A gross misdemeanor is still considered a minor crime, not rising to the level of a felony, but is treated differently than a regular misdemeanor.

 

轻罪的不同分类有哪些?

 

    许多州对轻罪进行了分类,对不同类别的轻罪有不同程度的惩罚。这些计划通常根据损失的金额(财产犯罪)或伤害的严重性(对人的身体犯罪)来区分轻罪的类型。一种常见的办法是将轻罪分为第1类、第2类、第3类和第4类,或者是A类、B类、C类和D类。

    另一种方法是将一些轻罪确定为 "严重轻罪",这些轻罪的处罚更为严重。严重轻罪仍被视为轻罪,没有上升到重罪的程度,但与普通轻罪的待遇不同。

 

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刑罚Penalty
03

   刑罚的形式主要有徒刑(imprisonment)和罚金(fine)。除此之外,还有其余针对案件性质、造成的影响所制定的惩罚措施。其在不同犯罪中的体现不同,具体如下。

重罪的刑罚:

In the United States, take California for example, there are a number of charges that require felony charges. They include murder, rape, drug trafficking, etc. If convicted of a felony, the offender faces at least a year in prison and up to the death penalty. On top of that, offenders may have to pay a fine of up to $10,000.

    在美国加州,有一些罪名一旦定罪必须以重罪起诉。它们包括谋杀、强奸、贩毒等。若重罪的罪名成立,则罪犯面临的是至少一年的监禁,最高可以判死刑。在此之外,罪犯可能还需要交罚金,最高可达一万美金。

In addition, a felony conviction not only remains permanently on the criminal record, but carries other consequences as well. For example, offenders are likely to lose their right to vote, their right to serve on a jury, their professional qualifications (such as a lawyer's license, a medical doctor's license, etc.), their ability to join the military, etc. And it's worth noting that felons are permanently deprived of the right to own a gun.

     在此之外,一个重罪的判罚不仅会永久存留在犯罪记录上,而且还会带有其他后果。例如,犯罪者很可能会失去投票权、失去成为陪审员的权利、吊销职业资格证书(例如律师证、医师证等)、不能参军等。并且值得一提的是,重罪罪犯会被永久剥夺拥有枪支的权利

 

轻罪的刑罚:

Criminal punishments for misdemeanor crimes can involve a mix of both jail time (in a county jail facility, not a state prison facility), as well as criminal fines. For the jail sentences, they will usually carry a sentence of one year maximum in jail. Criminal fines are typically capped at $1,000, though again this can vary by state.

Consequences for criminal misdemeanor charges may also depend on the exact type of violation involved. For instance, for a misdemeanor graffiti sentence, the defendant may be required to perform community clean up and/or write a letter of apology to the affected property owner. In contrast, punishments for drunk driving can involve mandatory DUI classes (traffic school) and other measures. These can be added on top of the fines and/or jail sentence.

对轻罪的刑事处罚可能包括坐牢(在县级监狱,而不是州级监狱),以及刑事罚款。服刑期最多一年。刑事罚款的上限通常为1000美元,不过这也会因州而异。

     刑事轻罪指控的后果也可能取决于所涉及的违法行为的确切类型。例如,对于轻罪涂鸦的判决,被告可能会被要求进行社区清理和/或向受影响的财产所有者写一封道歉信。相比之下,对醉酒驾驶的惩罚可能涉及参加强制性的酒后驾车课程(交通学校)和其他措施。这些措施可以在罚款和/或监禁的基础上增加。
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     英美法系下不同国家对于重罪、轻罪及其刑罚有着不同的规定,具体需要参考当地的法律文件。但本期所述的两组概念在英美法国家中是普遍存在且受到认可的。成为涉外法律服务人才,了解不同于本国的法律知识文化是很有必要的。在此基础上不断精进,才能为法律制度建设作出贡献。

参考文献

[1] Misdemeanor vs.

Felony[EB/OL].https://www.diffen.com/difference/Felony_vs_Misdemeanor,2021-4-12.

[2]felony[EB/OL].https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/felony,2021-4-9.

[3] Wilbur R. Brantley.Criminal Law Workbook[M].College of the Virgin Islands:the Virgin Islands,1968:1.

[4] misdemeanor[EB/OL].https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misdemeanor,2021-4-12.

 

 

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审核 | 田力男 薛羽晨

编辑 | 王思曲 黄宇柱 王念慈 

排版 | 王畅

统筹 | 李晨溪

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发布于 2021-12-06 10:12:37
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