翻译工作坊 | 知悉法律英语常见词汇

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法律词汇是构筑法律语言最基本的材料，也是提高法律语言水平的基石。熟悉词汇的用法对我们解读法律文献大有裨益。本期将与大家分享几个常见的法律词汇。

assignment

Assignment in legal terms means the transfer of a property right or title to some particular person under an agreement, usually in writing. Unless an assignment is qualified in some way, it is generally considered to be a transfer of the transferor's entire interest in the estate, chattel, or other thing assigned.

法律上的转让是指根据一项协议将财产权或所有权以书面形式转让给某些特定的人。除非转让以某种方式受到限制，否则一般认为转让是转让人对所转让的不动产、动产或其他物品全部权益的转让。

——https://definitions.uslegal.com

assignment

● 法律英语中与assignment相关的搭配

①General Assignment 全面转让 一种破产行为。指债务人绝对地、无条件地拨出其全部财产并公平地支付给债权人。

例句：This General Assignment has been approvedby Assignor’s Board of Directors and by the requisite vote of stockholders andshall not be effective until accepted by Assignee.

——来源https://www.lawinsider.com

②Assignment For the Benefit of Creditors为债权人利益之转让 是一种概括性让与，指将债务人的全部或大部分的财产都托付给他人，由其催收外人所欠债务人的款项，出售债务人财产，将收益分配给债务人的债权人，并将偿债余额返还给债务人。

例句：An assignment for the benefit of creditors(ABC) is a business liquidation device available to an insolvent debtor as analternative to formal bankruptcy proceedings. In many instances, an ABC can bethe most advantageous and graceful exit strategy.

——来源：https://www.americanbar.orgtz/

③Cross-Assignmentof Error交叉错误陈述通过该程序，被上诉人可请求上诉审法院对原审中发生的对其不利的错误进行审查，而无需提出独立的上诉或反上诉。

例句：The Seibels nevertheless assert, by way ofa cross-assignment of error, that the judgment dismissing the claims againstthem must be affirmed, because the trial court erred in denying their firstsummary judgment motion.

——来源：https://caselaw.findlaw.com

④Constructive Assignment推定转让 指优先或欺诈性转让财产的行为,通过法律转化成有利于债权人的转让。

例句：The authors presented a heuristicalgorithm, the so-called Hungarian algorithm, based on constructive assignmentand iterative improvement.

——来源：https://ludwig.guru

● Assignment相关的词汇

Assigner 他可以是权利的最初享有人，也可以本身就是一个受让人。

例句：In the event of a revocation of the rightof collection we have the right to request the customer to disclose to us theassigned claims and their respective debtors, to furnish all informationrequired for collection, hand over the relevant documents, and inform thedebtors of the assignment.

——来源：http://egoproducts.com

consideration

Something(such as an act, a forbearance, or a return promise) bargained for and received by a promisor from a promise; that which motivates a person to do something, esp. to engaged in a legal act.

允诺人通过允诺交换或接受利益（例如行为，延期，容忍承诺），该利益促使某人采取行动，特别是做出法律行为。

Consideration, or a substitute such as promissory estoppel, is necessary for an agreement to be enforceable.

对价或允诺禁反言等替代条件是构成有效合同的基础因素。

——《布莱克法律词典》

consideration

● 法律英语中与consideration相关的搭配

①Concurrent Consideration 同时发生的对价 双方的对价或允诺同时发生，对双方均有约束力。

例句：The paper comes to the conclusion thatanticipatory breach of contract in article 68 and article 69 of the contractlaw of China can better embody the value conceptions of contract law efficiencybreach of contract and concurrent consideration of fairness.

②Due Consideration

A. 适当对价它在合同法上被认为是充分对价；

B. 对某事项事实给予根据具体情况所应获得的注意和重视，它包含酌情处理权。

例句：Due consideration shall be given torespecting the staff member concerned.

③Fair Consideration 公平的对价，合理对价

A. 对价在价值上相当于所交换之物；在下列任一情况下获得对方财物或义务所给付的对价：为交换财物或义务诚信地给付的对价；或为他人当前贷款或先前债务提供担保而诚信地收受对方的财物或义务，其对价在数量上不是不成比例地少于所收受的财物或义务。也称公平合理的对价。

B. 诚信、合理、无可怀疑的对价，但并非绝对充分。该术语在防止欺诈性转移财产的法律，尤其是破产法中有特别重要的意义。

例句：Fairconsideration for the promotion or transfer shall be given to employees who areeligible.

④Gratuitous Consideration 无偿对价 指给付对价的一方并无损失的对价，不能构成合同，给付对价方本已有履行的义务。

例句：Gratuitous consideration is considerationthat cannot be founded upon any loss, injury, or inconvenience to the party towhom it moves to make it valid in law.

⑤Future Consideration 将来对价

A.将来对价将来给付的对价，尤其在一方履行后才给付的对价；

B.构成对价的一系列行为中，有一些将在对方履行之后进行；3.双方尚未就其细节达成一致的对价。

例句：Futureconsideration will be given after the contract is formed. For example, youorder a product online that will be delivered in one week. The product ispayable when it is delivered.

⑥Implied Consideration 默示对价，推定对价 法律根据一方行为推定的对价。

例句：This entry about Implied Consideration hasbeen published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY3.0) licence, which permits unrestricted use and reproduction, provided theauthor or authors of the Implied Consideration entry and the Encyclopedia ofLaw are in each case credited as the source of the Implied Consideration entry.

⑦Executed Consideration 已履行的对价 订约时或订约前已经完全履行的对价，过去的对价，相于当前或将来的对价。

例句：An executed consideration consists of anact for a promise.

——来源：http://definition.uslegal.com

equity

1.The value of a company’s shares; the value of a property after all charges and debts have been paid. 中文意为“（公司的）股本；资产净值”

2.A system of natural justice allowing a fair judgment in a situation which is not covered by the existing laws 中文意为“衡平法”,即“现行普通法未囊括的自然公平体系”。

——《牛津高阶双解词典》

equity

● 法律英语中与Equity有关的搭配

①Equity Investor 股权投资者/股东

例句：Consultant shall exercise its best efforts to identify and secure qualified propects of energy efficiency projects in which party A and/or its may invest in China.

②Equitable Relieflang 横平法救济

衡平法是英国自14世纪末开始与普通法平行发展的、适用于民事案件的一种法律；它以“正义、良心和公正为基本原则，为弥补普通法的一些不足之处而产生。因为下面的例句前半句提到”即“普通法的法律救济”，那么根据上下文很自然的就能想到“equitable（equity的形容词形式）relief”的意思应该是“衡平法救济”。

例句：The Parties further agree that a remedy of law for breach of this Agreement will be inadequate, and that the disclosing Party may seek injunctive or other in the event of the preach of this Agreement by the Receiving Party.

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