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译工作坊 | 法律英语中的拉丁语
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从古老的法律格言到今天的法律文本，拉丁语的身影无处不在。大量的拉丁语词汇为阅读和理解法律文献增加了不小的难度。本期主要介绍几个法律英语中常见的拉丁语。
Res judicata
定义：
Res judicata, Latin a term meaning “a matter(already) judged”; a rule that a matter once judicially decided is finally and conclusively decided and cannot be relitigated.
既决事项；既判力；一事不再理。有合法管辖权的法院就案件作出终局判决后，在原当事人间不得就同一事项、同一诉讼标的、同一请求再次提起诉讼。法院作出的发生法律效力的判决是最终的决定。
Generally, res judicata is the principle that a cause of action may not be relitigated once it has been judged on the merits.
一般而言，“一事不再理”原则是指一旦根据案情进行裁决，就不能对同一诉由再次提起诉讼。
Res judicata is also frequently referred to as “claim preclusion,” and the two are used interchangeably throughout this article.
“一事不再理”通常也称为“claim preclusion”，两者可以互换使用。
实例：
Andy brings a cause of action against Mike for injuries when he slipped and fell in Mike’s apartment. Mike claims that the injury was caused by negligence. The case goes to trial and a jury determines that Mike was not negligent. A year later, Andy brings a cause of action against Mike for injuries Andy sustained while a passenger in Mike’s car when they were involved in a motor vehicle collision. Mike cannot employ the doctrine of res judicata because, even though they are the same parties and the first action was adjudicated on the merits, the two actions are completely unrelated. Although Andy have already raised the claim against Mike in the first action, the second action is not barred by res judicata.
安迪因在迈克的公寓里滑倒受伤而对其提起诉讼。迈克声称受伤是由过失造成的。经法院审理，陪审团裁定迈克没有过失。一年后，安迪在乘坐迈克的汽车时，遭遇一起交通事故，安迪在事故中受伤，由此安迪对迈克提起诉讼。尽管两案当事人完全相同，而且第一次诉讼也已经作出裁决，但这两次诉讼相互独立，所以迈克不能主张一事不再理原则。安迪已经在第一次诉讼中对迈克提出了索赔，但第二次诉讼并不受一事不再理原则的限制。
If, however, Andy files a cause of action a year later against Mike for the emotional distress Andy suffered at the time of the slip and fall, the court is likely to bar the claim because Andy should have raised the emotional distress claim in the first case, as it was based on the same incident. Even though the claims are not identical because Andy will have to prove different elements for each claim, they are so closely related that res judicata applies.
然而，如果安迪就其一年前滑倒时遭受的精神痛苦向麦克提出诉讼，法院可能不予受理该项诉讼，因为，两次诉讼系同一事实，安迪本应在第一个案件中提出精神痛苦的索赔。即使两项索赔不同，安迪必须证明每项索赔的要件存在，但它们密切相关，一事不再理原则适用。
Caveat emptor
定义：
Caveat emptor is a Latin phrase that is translated as “let the buyer beware.” According to the caveat emptor principle, a buyer is responsible for performing the necessary due diligence before the purchase to ensure that a good is not defective and that it suits his or her needs. If the buyer fails to perform the necessary actions, he or she will not be entitled to any remedies for damages in case the purchased product shows significant defects.
买者自慎原则是指买方有责任在购买商品前进行必要的尽职调查，以确保该商品无缺陷并符合买方需要。如买方未采取必要行动，则在所购商品出现重大缺陷时买方将无权获得任何损害赔偿。
The caveat emptor principle arises primarily from the asymmetry of information between a purchaser and a seller. The information is asymmetric because the seller tends to possess more information regarding the product than the buyer. Therefore, the buyer assumes the risk of possible defects in the purchased product.
买者自慎原则的产生主要是由于买方和卖方之间的信息不对称。信息不对称是因为卖方往往比买方拥有更多关于产品的信息。因此，买方承担了所购产品可能存在缺陷的风险。
If there is no explicit warranty regarding the product’s quality, then it is the buyer’s responsibility to gather all the information about the purchased product. At the same time, the seller must not misrepresent the product or provide the buyer with false information about the product.
如没有关于产品质量的明确保证，则买方就有责任收集关于所购产品的所有信息。同时，卖方不得对产品进行虚假陈述或向买方提供关于产品的错误信息。
实例：
John purchases a house from Adam. Before the purchase, John asked the seller about the defects in the house. Adam told him that there was a leak in the bathroom upstairs, but it was fixed already. However, Adam also warned him that despite the repairs, a small leak could occur from time to time. John failed to inspect the bathroom properly but still decided to buy the house.
约翰从亚当处购得一套房子。购买前，约翰向卖家咨询房子是否有缺陷。卖家告诉他，楼上的浴室有一处漏水，现已修好。但同时也提醒他，尽管已经维修，偶尔仍会渗水。约翰在未仔细检查浴室的情况下，就决定购买这所房子。
After three months, there was a big leak that damaged the floor in the bathroom and the ceiling in the dining room downstairs. John decided to go to court to recover damages from Adam. However, the judge stated that John is not entitled to any remedy because the caveat emptor principle is applied. John did not perform thorough due diligence to ensure that the defect in the bathroom could not cause any damage in the future.
三个月后，一次漏水严重损坏了浴室的地板和楼下餐厅的天花板。约翰决定到法院起诉，要求亚当赔偿损失。然而，法官表示约翰无权获得任何救济，所适原则即为买者自慎。约翰未进行彻底的尽职调查，因此无法确保浴室的缺陷不会在未来造成任何损害。
Per stirpes
定义：
Per stirpes is a legal term from Latin used in the law of inheritance and estates. This term, derived from the civil law, is much used in the law of descents and distribution, and denotes that method of dividing an intestate estate where a class or group of distributees take the share which their deceased would have been entitled to, taking thus by their right of representing such ancestor, and not as so many individuals.
代位继承指的是一种继承制度，是指被继承人的子女先于被继承人死亡时，由被继承人子女的晚辈直系血亲代替先死亡的长辈直系血亲继承被继承人遗产的一项法定继承制度。
Per stirpes vs Per capita:
Per capita: by the heads or polls; according to the number of individuals. This term, derived from the civil law, is much used in the law of descent and distribution, and denotes that method of dividing an intestate estate by which an equal share is given to each of a number of persons, all of whom stand in equal degree to the decedent, without reference to their stocks or the right of representation. It is the antithesis of per stirpes.
人均：按人头或者选票；根据人数。该术语源自大陆法系，多用于遗产继承和分配相关的法律，表示无遗嘱财产的分配方法，即若干人中每个人都能获得相同的遗产份额，与其族系或代位继承权无关，所有继承人都处于相同地位。该术语与代位继承意思相对。
实例：
The testator A, specifies in his will that his estate is to be divided among his descendants in equal shares per stirpes. A has three children, B, C, and D. B is already dead, but has left two children (grandchildren of A), B1 and B2. When A’s will is executed, under a distribution per stirpes, C and D each receive one-third of the estate, and B1 and B2 each receive one-sixth. B1 and B2 constitute one “branch” of the family, and collectively receive a share equal to the shares received by C and D as branches.
遗嘱人A在遗嘱中指定其子女根据代位继承原则按照相同份额继承其遗产。A有三个子女，B、C、D。B已经死亡，但是B有两个子女（即A的孙子女）B1和B2。执行遗嘱时，根据代位继承原则，C和D分别可以得到遗产的三分之一，B1和B2分别可以得到遗产的六分之一。B1和B2是B的直系血亲，因此，B1和B2一共能得到与C和D 相同的遗产份额。
Stare decisis
定义：
Stare decisis is a legal principle by which judges are obligated to respect the precedent established by prior decisions. The words originate from the phrasing of the principle in the Latin maxim Stare decisis et non quieta movere: “to stand by decisions and not disturb the undisturbed.”
遵循先例是一种法律原则，意指法官应该尊重已经形成的判决先例。在普通法体系下，判决先例，又称判例、先例、前例，指的是根据先前的法律案件而创建起的法律原则或规范。
先例的效力，指先例对后来类似的案件具有多大的影响力，这种影响力可分为具有拘束力(binding force)，或者具有说服力(persuasive effect)。具体来说：
(1)上级法院的判决对下级法院具有拘束力；下级法院的判决对于上级法院不具有拘束力，但可能有说服力。
(2)同级法院的判决对本级法院之外的其他法院不具有拘束力，只具有说服力。
(3)各级法院的判决对本院具有拘束力。
(4)一个不具有拘束力的先例可能具有某种说服力。
实例：
For example, let’s say that Blue borrows Red’s lawnmower while Red is on vacation. Blue doesn’t ask Red for permission. Blue accidentally breaks Red’s lawnmower, but he doesn’t tell Red. He simply places the lawnmower back in Red’s garage. When Red returns home and discovers the broken lawnmower, he demands that Blue buy him a new one. The two end up in court, and the court decides that Blue does owe Red the money required for Red to fix his lawnmower; however, Blue does not have to buy Red a new lawnmower.
例如，假设布鲁在瑞德度假时借用了瑞德的割草机，且未经瑞德许可。布鲁不小心弄坏了瑞德的割草机，但他未告知瑞德，只是把割草机放回其车库。瑞德回到家后，发现此事，要求布鲁赔偿一台新的割草机。经法院审理，法庭裁定布鲁应赔偿瑞德割草机维修费；但是，布鲁无需买一台新机器。
This decision becomes precedent. From now on, lower courts in the same jurisdiction are expected to follow this new rule: When a borrower breaks a borrowee’s item and was using the borrowee’s item without permission in the first place, the borrower must pay to have the item fixed. Lower courts will follow this new precedent because the doctrine of stare decisis tells them they should.
这一判决成为先例。此后，同一法域的初级法院将会遵循这一新规定：当借用人未经允许使用并损坏出借人的物品时，借用人必须支付该物品的维修费。根据遵循先例原则，初级法院将遵循这个新的判例。
发布于 2021-12-06 10:30:49
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