准确严谨是法律语言的灵魂和生命,是法律翻译的根本;忠实于原文内容,力求准确无误,是法律翻译区别于其他文体翻译的一个重要特征。如上所述,英汉两种语言在单复数语言表达方面有明显区别,因此,在英汉法律互译时,单复数问题势必会成为翻译的一个难点。在法律翻译实践中,对于上述所讨论的特殊的法律英语术语和句式的单复数形式,译者需要有明确的认知并在翻译中准确适用,切不可想当然地按照一般规则处之。
1. 英译汉的减译策略
由于汉语中没有明确的单复数语言形式,因此,在英译汉中,可使用减译思路,省去源语中的英语单复数标记词。如:
(1) The Vessel has liberty to call at any port or ports in any order, for any purpose, to sail without pilots, to tow and/or assist Vessels in all situations, and also to deviate for the purpose of saving life and/or property.
译文:船舶有权基于任何目的以任何顺序挂靠任何港口,没有引航员的情况下也可航行,可在任何情况下拖带和/或帮助他船,亦可基于拯救生命和/或财产的目的进行绕航。
(2) Even if the Principal agrees to or requests such extension, it shall not be granted unless the Guarantor and the Instructing Party or Parties also agree thereto.
译文:即使被担保人同意或者要求展期,除非担保人和指示方也同意,否则展期将不被准许。
(3) No claims shall be recoverable hereunder if the benefit of the contract herein contained shall become vested in any other person or persons at law or in equity otherwise than by will or operation of law.
译文:如果本合同所涉及利益,除该利益因遗嘱或法律规定将归属于任何其他正在打官司的人,该诉求不可取得赔偿。
在这些英译汉的例句中,英文原文出于严谨、准确的需要,法律英语名词port, party, person等均使用了单复数并列的情形,而在汉语中没有相应的单复数标记形式,因此只需将其译为相应的一个名词即可。
2. 汉译英的增译策略
相反,在汉译英时,我们应特别注意名词的单复数概念,如若可能产生歧义,应采用增译策略,对源语名词进行特别处理或补充说明,以符合英语的单复数表达习惯,实现准确传意。如:
(1) 任何被发现持有非法物品的人将会被起诉。
译文:Any person(s) found in possession of illegal substances will be prosecuted.
(2) 外国合营者如果有意以落后的技术和设备进行欺骗,造成损失的,应赔偿损失。
译文:If the foreign joint-venturer causes any loss or losses by deception through the intentional use of backward technology and equipment, he shall pay compensation therefore.
(3) 在事件影响已经克服或处理结束后,受事件影响方必须立即通知其他方。
译文:The influenced Party or Parties, upon the overcoming of the events or the ending of the processing, shall inform other Party or Parties immediately.
在这些汉译英的例句中,中文原文名词“人”、“损失”、“方”等均为没有单复数格式标记的单个词,在翻译成英文时要考虑可能存在的单复数概念,出于严谨和准确的考虑,最好将其单复数形式并列,分别译为person(s), loss or losses, party or parties.
另外,合同中“甲方、乙方”要译成“party A, party B”;“合同双方”译成“the parties”;“合同各方”译成“the contracting parties”.
3. 约定俗成的翻译策略
For the purpose(s) of … 是法侓英语中常用句式,其中的purpose可以是复数,也可以是单数。但该短语的翻译并非想象的那么简单。在汉译英时,我们常常不假思索地使用这个句式,但在法律英语中,该短语一般不译为“为了……目的”,例如:
为保护计算器软件著作权人的利益,调整计算器软件在开发、传播和使用中发生的利益关系,鼓励计算器软件的开发与流通,促进计算器应用事业的发展,依照《中华人民共和国著作权法》的规定,制定本条例。
These Regulations are formulated in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China for the purpose of protecting the rights and interests of copyright owner of computer software, of adjusting the interests arising from the development, dissemination and use of computer software, of encouraging the development and circulation of computer software, and of promoting the development of computer application. (Regulations for the Protection ofComputer Software, Art. 1)
汉译英时,我们想当然的就这样使用了for the purpose(s) of,但native speaker会建议用for替代短语for the purpose of ...,并相信有关法律句子的意义不会有任何改变。倘若需要明确表达“为了……(目的)”的含义,不定式短语in order to... 则是更好的选择,不会产生歧义。例如:
为了保护发明创造专利权,鼓励发明创造,有利于发明创造的推广应用,促进科学技术的发展,......
This Law is formulated in order to protect patent rights for invention-creations, encourage invention-creations and facilitate their popularization and application, promote the development of science and technology... (Patent Law of thePeople’s Republic of China, Art. 1)
我们之所以赞同在法律文件中用for或in order to去表达一个带有真正“目的”的概念,而反对使用for the purpose of,主要原因是该短语在英文法律文件的用法早已“变味”,而且这种“变味”的使用法几乎已到了约定俗成、不可逆转的程度。请看下面英文例句:
For the purpose of these presents any act default or omission of the agents servants workmen or licensees of the Tenant shall be deemed to be the act default of omission of the Tenant.
基于此类通知规定,租户的代理人、佣人、工人或特许经营者的任何违约或疏忽行为,应被认为是租户的违约或疏忽行为。
For the purpose of the Landlord and the Tenant Ordinance and for the purpose of these presents the rent in respect of the said premises shall be deemed to be in arrear if not paid in advance as stipulated by Clause 1 hereof.
基于房主和租客条例的表述规定,有关该楼宇的租金,如果未按照合约第一条规定提前缴付的,就应该被视为是拖欠。
当考虑要谈论一个具体事项的时候,purpose以复数形式出现。For the purposes of ... 出现在法律篇章中,并且与某个具体的条例编号搭配在一起时,该短语的“目的性”更是丧失殆尽,此时它没有实际意思,只表示Something that you are discussing. 例如:
For the purposes of section 37,the Commissioner may,either by notice in writing served by registered post or by notice in the Gazette, require any employer or class of employers to send to him all or any records of sickness days in respect of any period not exceeding two (2) years preceding the date ofthe notice. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap. 57, Employment Ordinance, Art. 38)
第37条的施行,专员可借挂号邮递方式送达通知书或通过报纸公告,要求所有雇主或任何类别雇主向其呈交通知书或公告日期前两年内任何期间的全部病假日记录。
谓语动词单复数的翻译也有一定的规律,单数强调整体,复数强调个体,目的语言的表述要有明显的差异性。例如:
(1) The faculty gratefully acknowledges the assistance of volunteer judges.
全体教师感谢志愿法官的协助。
(2) The faculty are of different minds on the subject of pass-fail courses.
每位教师对通过不及格课程各有不同想法。
(3) The court found the suspect guilty.
本庭认为嫌疑人有罪。
另外,还有一些固定句型,其翻译也是约定俗成的。如Whereas 一般出现在法律英语中的句首,可译为“鉴于”,例如:
Whereas the party A desires to appoint party B as its sole and exclusive agent.
鉴于甲方愿意指定乙方为其独家代理。