“前科”,“前”是之前,以前;“科”是判定,记录;“前科”是以前的判定或以前的记录,刑法上所讲的前科,是指曾经被人民法院判处过拘役、有期徒刑以上的刑罚、并且已经执行完毕的人又重新犯罪。
理解了“前科”的含义后,再来看“前科”的英译,主要有以下三种表达:
① criminal record/police record ”犯罪记录;前科“
英文释义为:A criminal record, police record, or colloquially RAP sheet (Record of Arrests and Prosecutions) is a record of a person's criminal history. (来源:wikipedia)
例如:
Due to his criminal record, it is unlikely that he will ever be in a position to return to Australia and thus be close to his family in the near future.
由于他的刑事犯罪纪录,他不太可能会有资格回到澳大利亚, 从而不可能在不久的将来与家人在一起。
《牛津词典》中给出的释义为:the fact of having committed crimes in the past
给出的例句中,直接译为”前科“
She seemed perversely proud of her criminal record.
她似乎不通人事,拿自己的前科当荣誉。
② previous record/prior conviction ”前科;以前的定罪“
previous record/prior conviction在《元照英美法词典》中给出如下具体释义:
一般情况下,在刑事诉讼中对被告人的前科不能作为证据提出,但是如果被告人宣称自己具有良好品格〔good character〕,或者宣称检察官或某一控方证人品格不良,或者提供对共同被告人不利的证据时除外。在量刑中,被告人没有前科可以作为减轻处罚的情节考虑。但是,被告人有前科也并非都要加重处罚,除非其先前的犯罪具有使现在的犯罪更为严重的作用。
③ prior
prior一词,最常见的含义是“先前(的)“,但也可作”前科“讲
如:
They will be playing "hardball" if thay push for "only" three years' prison for stealing a piece of pizza(with two burglary priors), whereas they will be looked upon as flaming idios if they urge the same multidecade treatment for that comparatively benigh offense as for forcible rape with two rape priors.
如果他们因为偷了一块比萨饼(有两次入室盗窃的前科)而争取“仅仅”三年的监禁,他们将会采取“强硬”的态度,而如果他们为这种相对较轻的罪行争取与有两次强奸前科的强奸犯相同的数十年的刑期,他们将会被视为十足的白痴。