根据《元照英美法词典》,“自担风险”可译为“ Assumption of risk”,在法律实践中,其主要涉及一项重要原则,即“自担风险原则”。以下为该原则相关案例,供参考,以加深对该原则的理解并了解其具体适用:
2002年著名的“无为诉留波”案,在该案中原告无为和被告留波系同学,2002年某日,原被告利用午休时间与其他数名同学在学校操场上踢足球。原告作守门员,被告射门踢出的足球经过原告手挡之后,打在原告左眼,造成伤害。北京同仁医院诊断为,左外伤性视网膜脱离,经行左网膜复位术,网膜复位,黄斑区前膜增殖,鉴定为十级伤残。原告以留波和所在学校为共同被告起诉,请求人身损害赔偿。北京市石景山区法院认定,足球运动具有群体性、对抗性及人身危险性,出现人身伤害事件属于正常现象,应在意料之中,参与者无一例外地处于潜在的危险之中,既是危险的潜在制造者,又是危险的潜在承担者。足球运动中出现的正当危险后果是被允许的,参与者有可能成为危险后果的实际承担者,而正当危险的制造者不应为此付出代价。留波的行为不违反运动规则,不存在过失,不属侵权行为。此外,学校对原告的伤害发生没有过错。故驳回原告的诉讼请求。著名民法学者杨立新教授认为,该案件可以适用公平责任原则处理,也可以按照侵权行为法中自愿承担危险的理论处理,法官最后适用自甘风险原则处理本案,体现了对法律的真知灼见,还体现了极大的勇气。该案件是自担风险原则在我国审判实践中的明确适用。
结合前述案例,我们可了解到:所谓自担风险是指已经知道有风险,而自己自愿去冒风险,那么,当风险出现的时候,就应当自己来承担责任、承担损害的后果的原则。自担风险原则,又称为 [volenti non fit injuria],是指依照法律,当事人不得就自己同意遭受的损害获得补偿,即,如果当事人自愿置身于其觉察和了解的危险中,则不得就为此所受损害获得赔偿。自担风险是一种侵权法上的抗辩,其构成要件为:1. 原告对构成危险情形的事实有了解;2. 原告知道该情形正处于危险中;3. 原告对危险的性质或程度有鉴别;4. 原告自愿置身于危险中。但自担风险原则在原告行为符合救助或人道主义原则时,不得适用。此外,自担风险原则在劳工赔偿及交通事故保险等方面的适用也受有限制。
Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, assumption of risk is an affirmative defense in the law of torts that a defendant can raise in a negligence action. Assumption of risk refers to a legal doctrine under which an individual is barred from recovering damages for an injury sustained when he or she voluntarily exposed him or herself to a known danger. Put another way, assumption of risk prohibits a plaintiff from seeking damages on the basis that plaintiff knew of a hazardous condition and willingly exposed him or herself to it. Essentially, the defendant is claiming that the plaintiff knew the risk but took the chance of being injured anyway. 相关例句如下,可供参考:
例句1
Specifically, implied assumption of risk exists when a plaintiff undertakes conduct with a full understanding of the possible harm to him or herself and consents to the risk under those circumstances. Implied assumption of risk cases are more difficult for defendants to prove and generally require examining the facts and circumstances surrounding a particular situation.
具体而言,当原告在充分理解对他或她可能造成的伤害的情况下采取行动,并同意在这些情况下承担风险时,就存在隐含的自担风险。对被告而言,隐含自担风险案件更难证明,通常需要审查特定情形下的事实和情况。
例句2
There are many distinctions between assumption of risk and victim consent.
同时,还应注意自担风险与受害人同意等相关概念的区别。
例句3
In order to use the assumption of risk defense successfully, the defendant must demonstrate the following: 1. The plaintiff had actual knowledge of the risk involved; and 2. The plaintiff voluntarily accepted the risk, either expressly through agreement or implied by their words or conduct.
为了成功运用自担风险原则抗辩,被告必须证明以下几点:1.原告对所涉及的风险有实际了解;和2.原告自愿接受风险,要么通过协议明示,要么通过他们的言语或行为暗示。