本期精读的文章来自The Economist商业版块的一篇文章Big carmakers are placing vast bets on electric vehicles
一百年前,电动汽车曾经一度流行,但随后石油的广泛应用使得内燃机车更具优势,电动汽车逐渐退居小众市场。但目前随着技术成熟以及环保的需求,电动汽车正在快速崛起。文章对这一趋势进行了报道。
(charge在这里是一语双关,它既可以指“充电”,也可以指“猛冲,猛攻”)
这篇文章在用词上非常准确生动,有不少值得学习的地方。我选取了前几段进行赏析:
第一段对电动车和汽油车的发展历史进行对比,指出目前仍然是汽油车占据主流。
In 1900 one in three cars on American roads ran on volts. Then oil begangushing out of Texas. Cheaper than batteries, and easier to top up, petrolfuelled the rise of mass-produced automobiles.
“1900年,美国街道上每三辆汽车就有一辆靠电能行驶。随后德克萨斯州发现大量石油。汽油比电池便宜,而且加油更加方便,它推动了大规模生产汽车的兴起。”
这一句不少用法都值得学习。比如开头第一句作者不写:In 1900 one in three cars on American roads were electric cars. 而是写:In 1900 one in three cars on American roads ran on volts. Volt是电压单位“伏特”,ran on volts 即“依靠电能行驶”,这一写法更加新颖。
要形容德克萨斯州有大量石油,作者用了一个很有画面感的句子:Then oil began gushing out of Texas. Gush out可以用来形容液体奔涌而出的状态,说明德州遍地流油,资源确实丰富。
“石油推动了大规模生产汽车的兴起”,这里作者用的动词是fuel,这一用法非常准确,同时也跟文章主题契合。
Cost and worries about limited range have kept electric vehicles (EVs) in a nicheever since.
从那之后,电动车高昂的价格以及人们对其有限行程的担忧使得它一直处于小众市场。
niche是一个在外刊中很常见的单词,在这里的意思是“小众的有利可图的市场”,它也可以用来指“适合自己的工作”,比如:He eventually found his niche in sports journalism. 最后他在体育新闻界找到了理想的工作。
Tesla, which has made battery power sexy again in the past decade, produced just 250,000 units last year, a fraction of what Volkswagen or Toyota churn outannually.
这里sexy一词用得很有意思,它不是指“性感”,而是指“(想法、产品等)令人兴奋的,吸引人的”(sexy ideas, products etc are exciting, attractive, and interesting),made battery power sexy again 即“让电池动力重新变得有吸引力”。
churn out一般用来指大规模快速生产产品,这里用该词组来形容大众和丰田生产轿车的过程很恰当。
第二段对电动车目前的发展情况进行介绍:电动车在未来将会占据很大一块市场份额。目前巨头纷纷投入重金进入到电动车领域。
EV sales are, however, accelerating as quickly as electric motors themselves.
然而,电动车销量的增速正变得跟电动机的转速一样快。
这一段开头的比喻很有意思,作者将电动车销量的增长速度跟电动机的转速相比,直观地说明了目前电动车销量的增长之快,这一比喻在语境中也非常贴切。
The chief reason such optimistic forecasts no longer look outlandish is the entry into the electric race of the car industry’s juggernauts.
这一乐观预测之所以看起来不再那么不切实际,主要原因在于汽车行业巨头进入了电动车赛道的竞争。
Juggernaut在这里可以算是一语双关,因为它除了可以表示“重型卡车”之外,还可以指“巨头集团,无法控制的强大机构”(a large and powerful force or institution that cannot be controlled)。在该语境中用juggernaut表达效果要比用giant/behemoth/leviathan好,因为它更加贴近文章主题。从这里也可以看出词汇量大的好处:它可以让我们从一系列近义词中挑选出最精准的一个,更加精确地表达思想。
From GM and Geely to Mercedes and Nissan, big carmakers all want to turn outmillions of such cars—and turn a profit doing so. Their strategies range from cautious to headstrong.
从通用和吉利到奔驰和日产,大型车企都希望能生产出数百万辆这样的汽车——并且希望通过这样做来产生利润。他们的策略从谨慎到激进都有。
turn out跟上面提到的churn out是同义词组,都表示“大量生产某物”,不过这里用turn out更好,因为它跟后面的turn a profit能组成头韵,读起来更有节奏感。
这一段介绍了电动车制造的难度以及对未来的展望。
Making a profitable, mass-produced EV has proved elusive.
制造一台有利可图并且能规模化生产的电动车目前已经证明困难重重。
Elusive含义是“困难的,难以实现的”(difficultor impossible to achieve),比如:In London late-night taxis are elusive and far from cheap. 在伦敦,深夜时难以打到出租车,而且车费非常贵。
Elusive还有一个很好用的派生词elude,它可以用来表达“XX未能获得某事”,比如要表达“他未能成功”,可以说:Success eluded him. 要表达“他累极了,却睡不着”,可以说:He was extremely tired but sleep eluded him.
A battery powertrain can be three times the price of an ICE. But a combination of better technology and greater scale may soon allow EVs to compete on price with petrol vehicles, and enable motorists to drive long distances without the fear of running out of juice.
电池动力传动系统的价格可能是内燃机的三倍。但是,更好的技术和更大规模的使用可能很快就会让电动车在价格上与汽油车竞争,并使驾驶者能够长距离驾驶而不必担心耗尽电能。
ICE是Internal CombustionEngine的缩写,接下来汽车行业的主要发展趋势是实现从内燃机到电动机的转变,这也是这两年很火的一个话题。《经济学人》在2017年曾经发表过一篇封面文章The death of the internal combustion engine,详细说明了这一趋势,感兴趣的同学可以找来读读。
句子最后的juice不是指“果汁”,而是指“能源(比如汽油和电力)”,run out of juice即“耗尽电能”。
这一段介绍了目前各国对内燃机车以及电动车的态度以及车企的反应。
They had better, carmakers are hoping.
这句话调整一下语序是:Carmakers are hoping (that) they had better (allow EVs to compete onprice with petrol vehicles, and enable motorists to…), 这里they指代的是上一段最后提到的better technology and greater scale
Worries about climate change and air pollution are prompting authorities around the world to consider phasing out new petrol and diesel engines in the coming decade.
对气候变化和空气污染的担忧促使全球各地政府考虑在未来十年逐步淘汰新的汽油和柴油发动机。
phase out是一个短语,意思是“逐步淘汰,逐渐停止”(to gradually stop using something)。比如当前人工智能发展很快,类似卡车司机以及会计等职业有可能面临被淘汰的风险,我们可以说:
As artificial intelligence and machine learning progress, jobs such as truck drivers and accountants are in danger of being phased out.
从这个句子中我们也可以学到一个句式:Worries about…are prompting authorities around the world to… 举两个例子:
(1) Worries about climate change are prompting authorities around the world to consider introducing the carbon tax.
(2) Worries about the obesity epidemic are prompting authorities around the world to limit fast food advertising.
In the absence of federal regulations under America’s climate-scepticalpresident, Donald Trump, some progressive cities and states there are tightening local rules.
美国总统川普对气候变化持怀疑态度,在他的统领下,美国缺乏对汽油和柴油发动机监管的联邦法规。但美国一些进步的城市和州都在制定严格的地方法规。
作者在表达川普对气候变化持怀疑态度时直接用了一个词climate-sceptical, 令人印象深刻。同时这一句也写得非常简洁,如果让我们来表达同样的意思,我们可能会写成:
Under America’s president Donald Trump, who is skeptical about climate change, there are no federal regulations on new petrol and diesel engines.
作者通过使用in the absence of以及climate-sceptical来使句子更加精简。
总结:
今天我们学习了以下几个重点句型和表达:
(1) niche
(2) churn out
(3) elude
(4) phase out
(5) Worries about…are prompting authorities around the world to…
感兴趣的同学可以使用这些句型造句以加深印象。