合同对价 Contract consideration/contractual consideration
指一方以自己的行为、容忍或所为的允诺来换取对方允诺的代价。其基本理论是对价的交换是有益的,并且这种对价为可交换。对价的有效条件包括:合法;有价值但不一定等价;非过去已取得的利益;真实可行;必须在允诺人和受允诺人之间进行,不能由第三人承担。无对价的合同除非盖印,否则无效。
In legal parlance, in order for a contact to be enforceable, it must involve the exchange of lawful ‘consideration’. Lawful consideration is anything of value, tangible or intangible, that may be transferred in exchange for something else of value. Thus there must be mutual consideration between the parties to a contract.
例句1
Consideration is the benefit that each party gets or expects to get from the contractual deal -- for example, Victoria’s Secret gets your money; you get the cashmere robe. In order for consideration to provide a valid basis for a contract -- and remember that every valid contract must have consideration -- each party must make a change in their “position”.
对价是各方从合同交易中获得或期望获得的利益——例如,维多利亚的秘密得到你的钱;你得到了羊绒长袍。为了让对价为合同提供一个有效的基础——记住,每一个有效的合同都必须有对价——每一方都必须改变自己的“立场”。
例句2
Many contracts provide a recital (a statement at the beginning of the contract) that the contract is being entered into “for good and valuable consideration, the sufficiency of which is acknowledged”, or something to that effect. The writers of these contracts mistakenly believe that simply stating that consideration exists actually fulfills the requirement of contractual consideration.
许多合同都规定了一种叙文(合同开头的陈述),即合同是“为取得良好和有价值的对价,而其充分性已得到确认”而订立的,或类似的说法。该等合同的撰写人错误地认为,仅陈述对价存在实际上符合合同对价的要求。
例句3
However, fraud rule shall not be adapted to good faith third person who give consideration to beneficiary for the promise of advancing fund and without receiving fraud notice.
但是,如果议付行的付款承诺被转让给了付出了对价的、善意的、未收到欺诈通知的第三方,则开证行的欺诈抗辩不得对抗议付行要求获得偿付的权利。
相关知识拓展:
合同代价(英语:consideration),又称做约因,是普通法系合同法中的重要概念,其内涵是一方为换取另一方做某事的承诺而向另一方支付的金钱代价或得到该种承诺的承诺。
对价从法律上看是一种等价有偿的允诺关系,而从经济学的角度说,对价就是利益冲突的双方处于各自利益最优状况的要约而又互不被对方接受时,通过两个或两个以上平等主体之间的妥协关系来解决这一冲突。换句话说,在两个以上平等主体之间由于经济利益调整导致法律关系冲突时,矛盾各方所作出的让步。这种让步也可以理解为是由于双方从强调自身利益出发而给对方造成的损失的一种补偿。一项有效的对价必须具备以下条件:
1.对价必须是合法的。
2.对价必须是待履行或已履行的对价,但不能是过去的对价。
3.已经存在的义务和法律上的义务不能作为对价。
4.对价须具有真实价值,但不要求充足,相等。
5.对价必须来自受允诺人包括其代理人。