2020 United States Presidential Election

12月14日，美国选举人团共538名选举人按照各州选举结果投下选举人票。明年1月6日，国会参众两院举行联席会议，认证选举人团的投票结果，并宣布总统选举的正式结果。

选举人票是按照“赢家通吃”原则投票，即各州胜选者赢得该州的选举人票。

但是，Maine and Nebraska（缅因和内布拉斯加）两个州特殊，它们实行的是按普选票得票比例分配选举人票制度。

以下为英文素材，由胡晓凡、汤文华翻译（欢迎大家参与交流）。

因篇幅较长，将分多期为大家呈现。

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Electoral College Fast Facts

选举人团概况

Established in Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution, the Electoral College is the formal body which elects the President and Vice President of the United States. Each state has as many 'electors' in the Electoral College as it has Representatives and Senators in the United States Congress, and the District of Columbia has three electors. When voters go to the polls in a Presidential election, they actually are voting for the slate of electors vowing to cast their ballots for that ticket in the Electoral College.

美国宪法第二条第1款中规定，选举人团是选举美国总统和副总统的正式团体。每个州在选举团中的选举人数量与该州在美国国会中众议员和参议员的人数一样多，华盛顿哥伦比亚特区有三名选举人。当选民在总统选举中投票时，他们实际上是从名单中选出本州的选举人，这些选举人宣誓将在选举团中把票投给赢得本州民意的候选人。

Electors   选举人

Most states require that all electoral votes go to the candidate who receives the plurality[1] in that state. After state election officials certify the popular vote of each state, the winning slate of electors meet in the state capital and cast two ballots—one for Vice President and one for President. Electors cannot vote for a Presidential and Vice Presidential candidate who both hail from an elector’s home state.

大多数州要求所有的选举人票都投给本州获得相对多数票的候选人。在州选举官证实每个州的普选结果后，胜出的选举人相聚在州首府并投出两张选票——一张选出副总统，一张选出总统。选举人不能将总统和副总统候选人的票均投给所在自己州的候选人。

Maine and Nebraska employ a “district system”[2] in which two at-large electors[3] vote for the state’s popular plurality and one elector votes for each congressional district’s popular plurality. 

缅因州和内布拉斯加州采用了“选区制度”，即由两名大区选举人投票给本州多数选民意愿的候选人，每个国会选区（众议院选区）的选举人投票给本区多数选民意愿的候选人。

[1] Plurality: n. 相对多数票。在某一选举中，竞选某一职位的候选人所获得的最多选票。除宪法或法律规定须获得多数票(majority vote)外，这也是赢得选举所需选票。

[2] District system: 基于选区的选举

[3] At-large elector:大区选举人

Procedure 选举程序

Since the mid-20th century, on January 6 at 1:00 pm before a Joint Session of Congress, the Vice President opens the votes from each state in alphabetical order. Hepasses the votes to four tellers[1]—two fromthe House and two from the Senate—who announce the results. House tellers include one Representative from each party and are appointed by the Speaker. Atthe end of the count, the Vice President then declares the name of the next President.

自20世纪中叶以来，每年的1月6日下午1:00国会召开联席会议之前，副总统按照每个州的字母顺序来开始计算选票。他将选票交给四位计票员——两位来自众议院，两位来自参议院，并由四位计票员公布结果。众议院计票员包括每个党派的一位代表，由众议院议长任命。计票结束后，副总统随即宣布下一任总统的姓名。

With the ratification of the 20th Amendment to the Constitution (and starting with the75th Congress in 1937), the electoral votes are counted before the newly sworn-in Congress, elected the previous November.

随着美国宪法第二十修正案获得批准（并且从1937年第75次国会开始），选举人票是在前一年11月选举的、新宣誓就职的国会议员面前计算总数。

[1] Teller: n. 计票员