Measures for the Administration of Setting Aside Provisions for Doubtful Debts by Financial Enterprises

金融企业呆账准备提取管理办法

 

Promulgating Institution: Ministry of Finance

Document Number: Cai Jin [2005] No. 49

Promulgating Date: 05/17/2005

Effective Date: 07/01/2005

Revision History: This document has been repealed pursuant to the Administrative Measures for Financial Enterprises on Provisioning promulgated by the Ministry of Finance on March 30, 2012.

颁布机关: 财政部

文   号: 财金[2005]49号

颁布时间: 05/17/2005

实施时间: 07/01/2005

修订记录: 根据2012年3月30日财政部发布的《金融企业准备金计提管理办法》，此文件被宣布废止。

 

Chapter 1: General Provisions

第一章 总则

 Article 1  These Measures are formulated to prevent operational risks, enhance the ability of financial enterprises to withstand crisis and accurately calculate profits and losses, and promote the steady operation and healthy development of financial enterprises.

    第一条 为了防范经营风险，增强金融企业抵御风险能力，准确核算损益，促进金融企业稳健经营和健康发展，制定本办法。

 Article 2  For the purposes of these Measures, "financial enterprises" shall mean enterprises engaged in the financial business and registered within the territory of the People's Republic of China upon the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, such as policy banks, commercial banks, trust investment companies, financial companies, financial leasing companies as well as urban and rural credit cooperatives, excluding financial asset management companies.

    第二条 本办法所称金融企业是指除金融资产管理公司外，经中国银行业监督管理委员会批准，在中华人民共和国境内注册的政策性银行、商业银行、信托投资公司、财务公司、金融租赁公司和城乡信用社等经营金融业务的企业。

 Article 3  For the purposes of these Measures, "doubtful debt provisions" shall mean reserve funds set aside by a financial enterprise for doubtful debts to cover losses and risks borne by the creditor's right and equity assets, 'including general provision and relevant provision for depreciation.

For the purposes of these Measures, "a general provision" shall mean a provision allocated by a financial enterprise from it net profits according to a certain proportion which is to be used to cover any non specific potential losses.

For the purposes of these Measures, "a provision for depreciation" shall mean a provision set aside by a financial enterprise to cover the part that is lower than the book value of the expected recoverable amount of creditor's rights and equity assets, which shall be used to cover specific losses, including loan loss provision, bad debt provision and provision for long-term investment depreciation. Amongst which, loan loss provision shall mean the provision set aside by financial enterprises for possible loan losses, and bad debt provision shall mean the provision set aside by financial enterprises for possible bad debt losses in receivables.

    第三条 本办法所称呆账准备，是指金融企业对承担风险和损失的债权和股权资产计提的呆账准备金，包括一般准备和相关资产减值准备。

  本办法所称一般准备，是指金融企业按照一定比例从净利润中提取的、用于弥补尚未识别的可能性损失的准备。

  本办法所称资产减值准备，是指金融企业对债权和股权资产预计可收回金额低于账面价值的部分提取的，用于弥补特定损失的准备，包括贷款损失准备、坏账准备和长期投资减值准备。其中，贷款损失准备是指金融企业对各项贷款预计可能产生的贷款损失计提的准备，坏账准备是指金融企业对各项应收款项预计可能产生的环账损失计提的准备。

Chapter 2: Setting Aside Provisions for Doubtful Debts

第二章 呆账准备的提取

 Article 4  Financial enterprises shall set aside doubtful debt provisions for its assets that bear or are exposed to risks and losses, including but not be limited to, loans (including such loans as mortgage, pledge and guarantee), bank card overdrafts, discounts, credit advances (including bankers' acceptance, advances against letters of credit, and secured advances), import and export financing, equity investment and creditor's right investment (excluding securities investment where the terminal value is determined by cost or market, whichever is lower, or fair value, and the purchase of investment in the principal and interest of government bonds), interbank borrowing (lending), interbank deposits, interest receivable (excluding interest receivable from loans and interbank borrowings), dividends receivable, leases receivable and other receivables.

With respect to foreign loans on-lent by a financial enterprise who is liable for the repayment of such loans, including but not be limited to, loans from international financial organizations, foreign buyer's credit, loans from foreign governments, unconditioned loans from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation and mixed loans from foreign governments, the financial enterprise shall set aside reserves for doubtful debts.

No provision for doubtful debt shall be set aside to cover such assets as entrusted loans on which the financial enterprises bear no risk.

    第四条 金融企业承担风险和损失的资产应提取呆账准备，具体包括贷款（含抵押、质押、担保等贷款）、银行卡透支、贴现、信用垫款（含银行承兑汇票垫款、信用证垫款、担保垫款等）、进出口押汇、股权投资和债权投资（不含采用成本与市价孰低法或公允价值法确定期末价值的证券投资和购买的国债本息部分的投资）、拆借（拆出）、存放同业款项、应收利息（不含贷款、拆放同业应收利息）、应收股利、应收租赁款、其他应收款等资产。

  对由金融企业转贷并承担对外还款责任的国外贷款，包括国际金融组织贷款、外国买方信贷、外国政府贷款、日本国际协力银行不附条件贷款和外国政府混合贷款等资产，也应当计提呆账准备。

  金融企业不承担风险的委托贷款等资产，不计提呆账准备。

 Article 5  A financial enterprise shall, at the end of each year, set aside the general provision at a certain proportion accommodating the balance of assets that bear or are exposed to risks and losses. The proportion for the setting aside of the general provision shall be determined by taking comprehensive consideration the factors such as the risks faced by the financial enterprises. The balance of the general provision shall, in principle, no lower than 1% of the ending balance of risk assets. The general provision shall be set aside and managed by the head offices of financial enterprises.

Financial enterprises shall examine all creditors' rights and equity assets on a quarterly basis, analyze the recoverability of the said assets, and reasonably estimate the possible losses on assets pursuant to the principle of prudence. The loan loss provision shall be set aside for possible loan losses, bad debt provision for possible bad debt losses, and long-term investment depreciation provision for expected long-term investment losses.

    第五条 金融企业应当于每年年度终了根据承担风险和损失的资产余额的一定比例提取一般准备。一般准备的计提比例由金融企业综合考虑其所面临的风险状况等因素确定，原则上一般准备余额不低于风险资产期末余额的1％。一般准备由金融企业总行（总公司）统一计提和管理。

  金融企业应当按季对各项债权和股权资产进行检查，分析各项债权和股权资产的可收回性，根据谨慎性原则，合理预计各项资产可能产生的损失。对预计可能发生的贷款损失，计提贷款损失准备，对预计可能产生的坏账损失，计提坏账准备；对预计可能产生的长期投资损失，计提长期投资减值准备。

 Article 6  The scope of the loan loss provision shall include financial enterprises' loans that bear or are exposed to risks and losses (including loans such as mortgage, pledge and guarantee), bank card overdrafts, discounts, credit advance (including bankers' acceptance, advances against letters of credit and secured advances), import and export financing, interbank lending, finance lease receivables.

Loan loss provisions include two types of provisions, namely specific loan loss provisions and special loan loss provisions.

A specific loan loss provision shall mean that a financial enterprise, based on the extent of loan losses, sets aside a provision of a certain amount to cover the specific loss after it conducts risk classification of the loan assets involved in accordance with the Guidelines for the Classification of Loan Risks. The proportion of such specific loan loss provision shall be reasonably determined by the financial enterprise based on the degree of risk and recoverability of loan assets involved.

A financial enterprise may set aside specific provisions by referring to the following proportions:

The proportion of provisions set aside for special mention loans is 2%; for sub-standard loans, the proportion is 25%; for doubtful loans, the proportion is 59%; and for loss loans, the proportion is 100%. Amongst which, the proportions of loss provisions set aside for sub-standard and doubtful assets may fluctuate by ±20%.

Special provisions shall mean that a financial enterprise sets aside provisions for loans extended to specific industries, regions or countries, and the proportion of such provisions shall be reasonably determined by the financial enterprise based on the degree of risk and recoverability of loan assets.

    第六条 贷款损失准备的计提范围为金融企业承担风险和损失的贷款（含抵押、质押，担保等贷款）、银行卡透支、贴现、信用垫款（合银行承兑汇票垫款、信用证垫款，担保垫款等）、进出口押汇、拆出资金、应收融资租赁款等。

  贷款损失准备包括专项准备和特种准备两种。

  专项准备是指金融企业根据《贷款风险分类指导原则》对贷款资产进行风险分类后，按贷款损失的程度计提的用于弥补专项损失的准备。专项准备的计提比例由金融企业根据贷款资产的风险程度和回收的可能性合理确定。

  金融企业可参照以下比例计提专项准备：

  关注类计提比例为2%；次级类计提比例为25%；可疑类计提比例为50%；损失类计提比例为100%。其中，次级和可疑类资产的损失准备，计提比例可以上下浮动20%。

  特种准备是指金融企业对特定国家、地区或行业发放贷款计提的准备，具体比例由金融企业根据贷款资产的风险程度和回收的可能性合理确定。

 Article 7  The scope of the setting aside of bad debt provisions shall include interbank deposits, securities interest receivables, dividends receivable, leases payments receivable and other receivables.

Financial enterprises may conduct risk classification of assets according to the Guidelines for the Classification of Loan Risks and determine the proportions of bad debt provisions based on the classification results as well as by referring to criteria for the proportions of specific loan loss provisions. When determining the proportions of bad debt provisions, financial enterprises shall make reasonable estimates according to such information as past experience, and financial standing and cash flow of debtors.

    第七条 坏账准备的计提范围为存放同业款项、应收债券利息、应收股利、应收经营租赁款、其他应收款等各类应收款项。

  金融企业可参照《贷款风险分类指导原则》对计提坏账准备的资产进行风险分类，并根据风险分类结果参照贷款专项准备计提比例确定坏账准备的计提比例。金融企业在确定坏账准备的计提比例时，应当根据以往的经验、债务单位的实际财务状况和现金流量等相关信息予以合理估计。

 Article 8  The scope of the long-term investment depreciation provisions covers equity investment and creditor's right investment (excluding securities investment where the terminal value is determined by cost or market, whichever is lower, or fair value, and the purchase of investment in the principal and interest of government bonds).

With regards to a long-term investment with market value, the enterprise may determine whether to set aside a provision for depreciation in light of the following circumstances:

(1) Market value has been lower than the book value in two consecutive years;

(2) The investment has been suspended for one or more years;

(3) The investee entity suffers gross losses in the then-current year.

(4) The investee entity has suffered operating losses for two consecutive years; or

(5) The investee entity ted is under reorganization or liquidation, or has other signs indicating the entity is unable to maintain sustainable operation.

With regard to a long-term investment without market value, the enterprise may determine whether to set aside a provision for depreciation in light of the following circumstances:

(1) Changes in political or legal environment that affects the business operation of the investee entities, such as promulgation of or amendment to regulations on taxation and trade, which may cause huge losses to the said entities;

(2) Changes in market demand for commodities or labor service supplied by the investee entities because the products become outdated or consumer preferences change, thus causing serious deterioration in the financial situations of such entities;

(3) Major production technique change in the industry to which the investee entities belong, and the said entities have lost their competitive edge, thus leading to serious deterioration in their financial situations, including reorganization and liquidation; or

(4) There is evidence showing that the investment is no longer able to produce economic interests.

    第八条 长期投资减值准备的计提范围为股权投资和债权投资（不合采用成本与市价孰低法或公允价值法确定期末价值的证券投资和购买的国债本息部分的投资）。

  对于有市价长期投资可以根据下列迹象判断是否应当计提减值准备：

  （一）市价持续2年低于账面价值；

  （二）该项投资暂停交易1年或1年以上；

  （三）被投资单位当年发生严重亏损；

  （四）被投资单位持续2年发生亏损；

  （五）被投资单位进行清理整顿、清算或出现其他不能持续经营的迹象。

  对于无市价长期投资可以根据下列迹象判断是否应当计提减值准备：

  （一）影响被投资单位经营的政治或法律环境的变化，如税收、贸易等法规的颁布或修订，可能导致被投资单位出现巨额亏损；

  （二）被投资单位所供应的商品或提供的劳务因产品过时或消费者偏好改变而使市场的需求发生变化，从而导致被投资单位财务状况发生严重恶化；

  （三）被投资单位所在行业的生产技术等发生重大变化，被投资单位已失去竞争能力，从而导致财务状况发生严重恶化，如进行清理整顿、清算等；

  （四）有证据表明该项投资实质上已经不能再带来经济利益的其他情形。

 Article 9  Based on the degree of asset risk, financial enterprises shall set aside sufficient bad debt provisions in a timely manner. Where the amounts the bad debt provisions are insufficient, the after-tax profits distribution shall not be permitted.

    第九条 金融企业必须根据资产的风险程度及时、足额提取呆账准备。呆账准备提取不足的，不得进行税后利润分配。

 Article 10  Head offices and branches of financial enterprises shall, within 30 days at the end of each quarter, furnish competent finance authorities with information on their bad debt allowance provisions (including the asset itemization and classification related to bad debt provisions, methods for the assessment of asset risks, proportion of bad debt provisions and alterations thereof). Information on the alteration in the balance of bad debt provisions shall also be provided according to the classification ( the beginning balance, provisions set aside in the then-current period, reversal in the then-current period, writing-off in the current period, and balance at the end of the period).

    第十条 金融企业总部及分支机构应于每季度终了后30天内向主管财政部门提供其呆账准备提取情况（包括计提呆账准备的资产分项、分类情况、资产风险评估方法、呆账准备计提比例及变更情况），并按类别提供相关呆账准备余额变动情况（期初、本期计提、本期转回、本期核销、期末数）。

 Article 11  Local financial supervision commissioners' offices of the Ministry of Finance shall be responsible for the supervision and administration of matters related to setting aside bad debt provisions by branches of financial enterprises under the management of the Central Government, and shall prevent and rectify in a timely manner any activities involving failure to set aside sufficient provisions for bad debts.

    第十一条 财政部驻各地财政监察专员办事处负责对当地中央管理的金融企业分支机构呆账准备提取的监督管理，对未按规定足额提取呆账准备，应当及时进行制止和纠正。

Chapter 3: Accounting Treatment

第三章 账务处理

 Article 12  General provisions set aside by financial enterprises according to the relevant provisions shall be distributed as profits. General provisions are an integral part of the owner's equity.

    第十二条 金融企业按规定提取的一般准备作为利润分配处理。一般准备是所有者权益的组成部分。

 Article 13  Provisions for asset depreciation set aside by financial enterprises shall be included in the profits and losses for the then-current period. With respect to assets of which the provisions for depreciation have been set aside, if the quality of such assets improves, certain amount shall be reversed to the extent of the provisions for depreciation have been set aside so as to increase the profits and losses for the then-current period.

    第十三条 金融企业提取的相关资产减值准备计入当期损益。已计提资产减值准备的资产质量提高时，应在已计提减值准备的范围内转回，增加当期损益。

 Article 14  For asset losses that satisfy the conditions and are approved for write-off, the amount of asset depreciation provisions set aside shall be offset. With regard to on-balance-sheet interest receivables that have been written off upon approval and been included in the profits and losses, the receivables shall be offset against interest incomes irrespective of whether the principal or interest has expired.

Where asset losses have been written off and are later recovered, relevant asset depreciation provisions that have been written off shall be reversed and the portion that exceeds the principal (including recovered on-balance-sheet and off-balance-sheet interest receivables) shall be included in the interest incomes. The reversed asset depreciation provisions shall be used to increase the profits and losses during the then-current period.

    第十四条 对符合条件的资产损失经批准核销后，冲减已提取的相关资产减值准备。对经批准核销的表内应收利息，已经纳入损益核算的，无论其本金或利息是否已逾期，均作冲减利息收入处理。

  已核销的资产损失，以后又收回的，其核销的相关资产减值准备予以转回，超过本金的部分、包括收回表内应收利息和表外应收利息，计入利息收入。转回的资产减值准备作增加当期损益处理。

 Article 15  The provisions for asset depreciation allowance shall be made in its original currency, that is, for assets in Renminbi, their provisions shall be made in Renminbi, and for assets in foreign currencies, their provisions shall be made in their respective currencies or the U.S. dollar. Asset depreciation provisions in both Renminbi and foreign currencies shall be calculated and represented separately.

    第十五条 资产减值准备以原币计提，即人民币资产以人民币计提，外币资产以外币或折合美元计提、人民币和外币资产减值准备分别核算和反映。

Chapter 4: Supplementary Provisions

第四章 附则

 Article 16  Financial enterprises may formulate specific measures in accordance with these Measures and submit the same to the relevant competent finance authorities for record-filing.

    第十六条 金融企业可以根据本办法制定具体办法，报主管财政部门备案。

 Article 17  These Measures shall come into effect on July 1, 2005. In the event of discrepancy between the previously stipulated provisions and these Measures, these Measures shall prevail.

    第十七条 本办法自2005年7月1日起施行。以前有关规定与本办法有抵触的，以本办法为准。