近日，各路动物十分活跃，频繁登上热搜。比如，杭州野生动物园金钱豹外逃，南京野猪频繁出没，黑龙江“完达山一号”东北虎独闯村庄，云南野象群一路向北迁徙。看来，动物们是想与人类“亲近”一下。自古以来，中外作品里都会提及各种动物，用以表示某种寓意。同样，华尔街也习惯用动物指代某种情况、事件以及股票市场的投资者。下面我们一起来了解一下：

Bears

A bear is an investor who believes that a particular security, or the broader market is headed downward and may attempt to profit from a decline in stock prices. Bears are typically pessimistic about the state of a given market or underlying economy.

表示“（对行情）看跌的人”，即其认为证券价格会下跌，与对前景特别是行情乐观的人（bull）相对。

相关短语：

Bear market

Bear markets occur when prices in a market decline by more than 20%, often accompanied by negative investor sentiment and declining economic prospects. Bear markets can be cyclical or longer-term. The former lasts for several weeks or a couple of months and the latter can last for several years or even decades.

熊市，指价格正在下跌或者预期下跌的市场。有时会持续数周或数月，有时会持续数年，甚至几十年。

Bulls

A bull is an investor who thinks the market, a specific security or an industry is poised to rise. Investors who adopt a bull approach purchase securities under the assumption that they can sell them later at a higher price. Bulls are optimistic investors who are attempting to profit from the upward movement of stocks, with certain strategies suited to that theory.

表示“多头者”，即在证券市场或期货市场中买入股票或商品，期望在价格上涨中获利的投资者。

相关短语：

Bull market

A bull market is a period of time in financial markets when the price of an asset or security rises continuously. The commonly accepted definition of a bull market is when stock prices rise by 20% after two declines of 20% each.

多头市场/牛市，指证券、商品等价格不断上升或有望上升的证券市场或期货市场。

Elephants

指代大型机构投资者，能够对标的金融资产的价格产生巨大影响。最常见的有：捐赠基金、商业银行、共同基金、对冲基金、养老基金和保险公司。

相关短语：

White elephant

A white elephant is something whose cost of upkeep is not in line with its usefulness or value. From an investment perspective, the term refers to an asset, property, or business that is so expensive to operate and maintain that it is extremely difficult to actually make a profit from it.

该短语源自泰国古代传统，即向国王进献物种稀有但养护高昂的白象。所以，除了本身的“白象”含义外，引申指无用而累赘的东西。

Hunting elephants

Hunting elephants is a colloquial term for describing the practice of targeting large companies as potential clients or acquisition targets. Warren Buffett is a popular elephant hunter in the investor world and usually refers to his prospective target companies as "elephants", or big acquisitions.

从字面上看，表示“猎杀大象”；实际上，表示将大公司锁定为潜在客户或收购目标，其中“elephants”指代的是潜在的目标公司（大公司）。沃伦·巴菲特就是有名的“猎象人”。

Pigs

Pig is an old slang term for an investor who is seen as greedy, having forgotten his or her original investment strategy to focus on securing unrealistic future gains. Like a pig in the farmyard that overindulges in feed, this type of investor will hold on to an investment even after a substantial movement in the hope that the investment will provide even greater gains.

本身用来比喻贪婪、刻薄的人，此处特指贪婪的投资者。比如，某人因某家公司股价估值过低而对其进行了投资，两个月后股价翻番，本应卖出部分股票实现获利，但仍期望两个月后还能翻番而不抛售股票。

Stags

Stag is a slang term for a short-term speculator—a day trader, for example— who attempts to profit from short-term market movements by quickly moving in and out of positions. Day traders, or stags, typically require access to a lot of liquid capital to fund their positions and make a living. This is required because they may be attempting to gain returns on small price movements multiple times each day or with multiple positions at the same time.

表示“新股套利者；投机认股者”，即并非为了投资而持有股份，只是为了在短期内获利而购买新发行的股票，以图在涨价后转手卖出获利的投资者。

参考：

1. Investopedia

2.《元照英美法词典》