national income/NI 国民收入

一国国民经济各个生产部门在一定时期内新创造的价值总和减去生产数据价值的消耗等之后的净额，可表示为NI=国民生产总值-资本折旧提存-企业间接税，或国民生产净值-企业间接税。国民收入亦表示为各种生产要素在一定期间内参加生产所获得的报酬或所得的总和。国民收入是指一个国家在一定时期（通常为一年）内物质资料生产部门的劳动者新创造的价值的总和，社会总产品的价值扣除用于补偿消耗掉的生产资料价值的余额。国民收入在物质形态上表现为体现新创造价值的生产资料和消费资料两部分。创造国民收入的物质资料生产部门主要有：工业、农业、建筑业和为生产服务的运输业、邮电业等。商业部门中的分类 、包装、保管等劳动，作为生产过程在流通领域的继续，也创造一部分国民收入。

National income means the value of goods and services produced by a country during a financial year. Thus, it is the net result of all economic activities of any country during a period of one year and is valued in terms of money. National income is an uncertain term and is often used interchangeably with the national dividend, national output, and national expenditure. We can understand this concept by understanding the national income definition. 相关例句如下：

例句1

The National Income is the total amount of income accruing to a country from economic activities in a years time. It includes payments made to all resources either in the form of wages, interest, rent, and profits. The progress of a country can be determined by the growth of the national income of the country.

国民收入是一个国家在一年内从经济活动中获得的总收入。它包括以工资、利息、租金和利润的形式向所有资源支付的款项。一个国家的进步可以由该国国民收入的增长来决定。

例句2

A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI adjusted for natural resource depletion – also called as NNI at factor cost). All are specially concerned with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within the economy and by various sectors.

经济学中使用各种国民收入和产出的衡量标准来估计一个国家或地区的经济活动总量，包括国内生产总值（GDP）、国民生产总值（GNP）、国民收入净额（NNI）和调整后的国民收入（NNI根据自然资源损耗进行调整——也称为NNI要素成本）。所有这些都特别关注计算经济内部和各部门生产的商品和服务的总量。

例句3

National output, income and expenditure, are generated when there is an exchange involving a monetary transaction. However, for an individual economic transaction to be included in aggregate national income it must involve the purchase of newly produced goods or services. In other words, it must create a genuine addition to the ‘value’ of the scarce resources. In the case of a transaction involving selling a second-hand good, and which was new two years ago, no value is added to national income – though the original purchase of the new good does. Transactions which do not add value are called transfers, and include second-hand sales, gifts and welfare transfers paid by the government, such as disability allowance and state pensions.

国家产出、收入和支出是在货币交易的交换中产生的。然而，要将一项单独的经济交易纳入国民总收入，就必须包括购买新生产的商品或服务。换句话说，它必须真正增加稀缺资源的“价值”。在涉及出售二手商品的交易中，因为这是两年前的新交易，不会增加国民收入的价值——尽管最初购买新商品确实会增加国民收入。不增值的交易被称为转移，包括政府支付的二手销售、礼品和福利转移，如伤残津贴和国家养老金。

例句4

The simplest way to think about national income is to consider what happens when one product is manufactured and sold. Typically, goods are produced in a number of ‘stages’, where raw materials are converted by firms at one stage, then sold to firms at the next stage. Value is added at each, intermediate, stage, and, at the final stage, the product is given a retail selling price. The retail price reflects the value added in terms of all the resources used in all the previous stages of production.

思考国民收入最简单的方法是考虑当一种产品被制造和销售时会发生什么。一般来说，商品是分几个“阶段”生产的，原材料在一个阶段由企业转化，然后在下一个阶段卖给企业。价值是在每个中间阶段增加的，在最后阶段，产品被赋予零售价格。零售价格反映了在所有先前生产阶段使用的所有资源的附加值。

相关知识拓展：

国民收入增长的决定因素主要有：

①社会投入物质生产部门的劳动量的增加。在其他条件既定的情况下，投入物质生产部门的劳动量与国民收入的增长量成正比。

② 社会劳动生产率的提高。物质形态上的国民收入与社会劳动生产率的提高成正比，社会劳动生产率越高，国民收入增长得就越快。

③生产资料的节约。节约生产资料可以用同量生产资料生产更多的社会总产品，从而使得同量社会总产品中，国民收入所占的比重相对增大。

在这3个决定因素中，社会劳动生产率的提高是国民收入增长的最重要的因素。

国民收入是反映一个国家国民经济发展水平的综合指标，人均国民收入则是直接反映这个国家社会生产力发展水平和人民生活水平的综合指标。国民收入作为综合指标，它可以反映社会再生产及其最终结果；在不同的社会制度下，国民收入反映不同的社会经济关系。例如，资本主义制度下的国民收入所体现的积累与消费的关系，反映的是无产阶级与资产阶级经济利益对抗的关系；社会主义制度下的国民收入所体现的积累与消费的关系，反映的则是劳动人民长远利益与目前利益之间的经济关系。国民收入作为一个国家一定时期内新创造的价值的总和，能够比较准确地反映这个国家新增加的物质财富，因而也是反映宏观经济效益的综合指标。