平时封锁 pacific blockade
相对于军事封锁〔military blockade〕而言。指在和平时期为迫使一国纠正或补偿某些错误行为而采取的切断该国进出港口之通道的海上军事行动。这是仅次于战争的一种报复形式。在国际法上平时封锁一般不针对同被封锁国从事商业活动的中立国船只。
A pacific blockade is a blockade exercised by a great power for the purpose of bringing pressure to bear on a weaker state without actual war. It can be employed only as a measure of coercion by maritime powers able to bring into action such vastly superior forces to those the resisting state can dispose of that resistance is out of the question. The term was created by Laurent-Basile Hautefeuille, a French writer on international maritime law. 相关例句如下,可供参考:
例句1
In that respect, it is an act of war, and any attempt to exercise it against a power strong enough to resist would be a commencement of hostilities and at once bring into play the rights and duties affecting neutrals. On the other hand, since the object and justification of a pacific blockade are to avoid war, general hostilities and disturbance of international traffic with the state against which the operation is carried on, rights of war cannot consistently be exercised against ships belonging to other states than those concerned.
在这方面,这是一种战争行为,任何针对强大到足以抵抗的力量行使这种权利的企图都将是敌对行动的开始,并立即使影响中立国的权利和义务发挥作用。另一方面,由于平时封锁的目的和理由是为了避免战争、一般敌对行动和对行动所针对的国家的国际交通的干扰,因此不能始终对属于有关国家以外的其他国家的船只行使战争权利。
例句2
It is usual to refer to the intervention of France, Britain and Russia in Turkish affairs in 1827 as the first occasion on which the coercive value of pacific blockades was put to the test. Neutral vessels were not affected by it. This was followed by a number of other coercive measures described in the textbooks as pacific blockades.
人们通常将1827年法国、英国和俄罗斯对土耳其事务的干预称为平时封锁的强制价值首次受到考验的场合。中立船只没有受到影响。随后是教科书中描述为平时封锁的其他一些强制性措施。
例句3
The first case, however, in which the operation was really a blockade, unaccompanied by hostilities, and which therefore can be properly called a pacific blockade, was exercised in 1837 by Britain against New Granada. A British subject and consul of the name of Russell was accused of stabbing a native of the country in a street brawl. He was arrested and, after being kept in detention for some months, was tried for the unlawful carrying of arms and sentenced to six years of imprisonment.
然而,第一种情况,即这次行动实际上是一次封锁,没有敌对行动,因此可以恰当地称为平时封锁,是英国在1837年对新格拉纳达实施的。一位名叫拉塞尔的英国臣民和领事被指控在街头斗殴中刺伤了一名本国人。他被逮捕,在被拘留数月后,因非法携带武器受到审判,并被判处6年监禁。
例句4
Though that does not affect pacific blockades in principle, it supersedes them in practice by a new procedure for some of the cases in which they had been employed.
虽然这在原则上并不影响平时封锁,但在实践中,它取代了这些封锁,对一些使用封锁的案件采取了新的程序。
相关知识拓展:
封锁(英语:Blockade,BLOC),或译为阻绝、军事封锁等。为国际法及武装冲突法概念。后被转用于军事,现代也用于资讯安全等其他方面。
封锁的目的,在以运用各种军事手段围困敌国的交通、运输与补给,以切断其经济,消灭敌人的意志。在过去,被视为是攻城战的其中一种方式;现在除了陆上和海上封锁外,空中封锁、通信封锁(如切断海底网络电缆)也是封锁手段之一。
军事封锁不一定具有国际法效力,如中国抗日战争时,大日本帝国对中华民国的封锁,但禁运和经济制裁则具备。
1.以效力区分
纸上封锁(paper blockade),或译为拟制封锁、宽松封锁等。即一种外交宣示,宣告某地已成为本国封锁的禁地,但不真正的派遣海军实行封锁,公元17世纪至19世纪的封锁多属此类,但此种封锁对交战国和持中立立场国均会造成困扰,1805年的特拉法加海战是其中著名例子之一。
和平封锁(Pacific blockade),或译为平时封锁,指一国或多国在非战时对他国的港口派遣军事力量进行实质封锁,禁止其船只进出,以迫使被封锁国进行谈判或回应。1827年的纳瓦里诺海战即是最早的和平封锁,但真正意义上的无战事和平封锁,是在1837年,英国对新格拉纳达共和国的封锁,其迫使了该国释放了英国领事。
2.以封锁方式区分
空中封锁(air blockade):即以空军力量,积极的进行战斗行动,封锁并孤立或限制敌方的手段,主要以机场或交通枢纽为主。
海上封锁(sea blockade):即狭义的军事封锁,属于国际法中的《海战法》(The Law of Naval Warfare)第632条a款规定之交战行为。
3.以封锁目的区分
战略封锁(strategic blockade):指封锁国因为作战计划之需要,封锁敌国陆上部队之海上补给,并进行对敌岸上部队的军事行动,以阻绝敌方利用各种方式进行补给,属于国际法中的合法战争权(War Power)。
商业封锁(commercial blockade):同上,但区别在于封锁国并不对敌国岸上部队进行军事行动,如水雷封锁。但此种封锁对于中立国的商业利益会造成损害,故在海牙和平会议时,英国政府曾提议禁止使用水雷封锁。
4.以实施方向区分
对内封锁(blockade inwards):对一国内部的交通(如港口或机场)进行封锁,断绝其部队补给。
对外封锁(blockade outwards):即禁止被封锁国任何船只或航空器驶出。历史上只有少数情况会仅采取其中之一,多为同时采取内外封锁,如1854年的克里米亚战争,英法联军仅封锁了多瑙河。