Burden of proof 翻译为“举证责任;提供证据之责任”,是指当作为裁判基础的法律要件事实在诉讼中处于真伪不明的状态时,一方当事人因此而承担的诉讼上的不利后果。
举证责任在刑法中遵循排除合理怀疑证明标准,在刑事案件中,控方必须毫无疑义地证明其案情。(In criminal cases, the prosecution must prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt)
举证责任在民法中则采取最佳证据原则。在大多数民事案件中,原告必须用占优势的证据来证明其案件。(In most civil cases, the plaintiff must prove its case by a preponderance of the evidence)
无论是刑事还是民事案件,提出控诉的一方,都负有举证的责任,即向法庭提出证据,支持控诉和申索的事由。
在我国,中华人民共和国民事诉讼法第六十四条:
当事人对自己提出的主张,有责任提供证据。
当事人及其诉讼代理人因客观原因不能自行收集的证据,或者人民法院认为审理案件需要的证据,人民法院应当调查收集。
人民法院应当按照法定程序,全面地、客观地审查核实证据。
参考双语例句:
The Chair of the meeting invited speakers to focus their contributions on the following specific issues regarding the criminalization of cultural property: (a) the availability of statistical data at the national level; (b) the existence of specific legislation on trafficking in cultural property and potential challenges in developing specific legislation; (c) the imposition of strong penalties for trafficking in cultural property; (d) the existence of penalties directed at specific stakeholders or sectors; (e) the question of reversing the burden of proof; (f) criminal law measures criminalizing those requesting and purchasing illicit cultural property; and (g) the use of new technologies in the fight against trafficking in cultural property and the criminalization of such use when done for illicit purposes.
会议主席请发言者在发言时重点讨论与文化财产定罪有关的以下具体问题:(a)国家一级提供统计数据的情况;(b)在贩运文化财产方面的专门立法情况以及在拟订具体法律上所可能遇到的挑战;(c)对贩运文化财产实施强有力的惩处;(d)针对具体利害攸关者或部门的惩处;(e)举证责任倒置的问题;(f)对非法文化财产请求人和购买人加以定罪的刑法措施;以及(g)在打击贩运文化财产行为上使用新的技术以及对为非法目的使用这类技术加以定罪的问题。
Reiterating that the burden of proof was not placed on the accused in cases of torture, he said that, in accordance with the Manual on Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Istanbul Protocol), judges were authorized to take any steps necessary to ascertain the facts in allegations of torture.
他重申在酷刑案件中,举证责任并非由被告承担,他说按照《有效调查和记录酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的手册》(《伊斯坦布尔议 定书》,法官有权采取必要步骤,以查明酷刑指控中的事实。