①治安法院(Magistrate’s Court)，是英国最基层的法院，又称地方法院。起源于中世纪的伦敦金融城的警长(Sheriff)办公室，专门处理金融城里的小型治安案件。英国法律规定，刑事案件均须送交治安法院。凡可能判处6个月和400镑以下的案件，均由冶安法院直接判决。现在的治安法院，除了伦敦金融城的4个外，均内设民事和刑事审判庭。

参考双语例句：

In 2005, the Government also enacted the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act whereby an aggrieved person can obtain a Protection Order by application made to Magistrate’s Court.

2005年，政府还颁布了《防止家庭暴力法》，受伤害人员可通过向地方治安法院提出申诉，获得保护法令的保护。

There is a right of appeal from the Court to the Supreme Court of Pitcairn, which is a superior Court of record and has jurisdiction in criminal and civil cases outside the competence of the Magistrate’s Court

可从该法院向皮特凯恩最高法院提出上诉，最高法院是保存诉讼记录的高等法院，有权审理治安法官权限以外的刑事民事案件。

②县法院(County Court)，是设在农村、乡镇的基层法院。专门审理能进入快速通道的、不超过5000英镑的小额债务案件，以及各类诸如遗嘱、侵权(赔偿额不超过1000英镑)等民事案件和各类轻微的刑事案件。

【治安法院和县法院的区别】：

二者均为基层法院，但治安法院的上一级法院是高等法院和王座法院，而县法院的上一级法院是上诉法院。

参考双语例句：

The Judicial Board also found that the County Court had ignored an expert opinion stating that an examination of the remaining unopened carton could bring an independent result.

司法委员会还认为县法院忽视了专家意见，该意见指出如果对剩余的一箱尚未开启的货物进行检验，有可能得出独立的结果。

As instructed, the County Court examined the evidence and held that the defendant/buyer could not prove that the goods presented by the defendant/buyer came from the disputed delivery.

县法院按照司法委员会的指示对证据进行了审查，认定被告/买方无法证明它出具的货物来源于原告/卖方交付的存在争议的货物。

③高等法院(High Court)，建于1828年，管辖英格兰和威尔士，设有三个庭：

一、女王法庭(Queen’s Bench Division)，主要适用普通法、判例法，受理商务、金融、债务、有价证券等方面的案件。

二、家事法庭(Family Division)，主要处理婚姻、遗嘱、收养、家庭暴力等类型的案件。

三、商事法庭(Chancery Division)，主要审理商务方面的各种纠纷案件。

参考双语例句：

However, her case could not be scheduled before the Court of Appeal because the judgment of the High Court had still not been issued in writing, although her lawyer had on several occasions consulted with the Chief Justice on the unwarranted delay on the part of the High Court judge to submit his ruling in writing.

然而，上诉法院不能为审理此案作安排，因为高等法院的判决尚未以书面形式下达，尽管她的律师曾数次向首席法官反映高等法院法官不当地迟迟不以书面形式下达判决一事。

④王座法院(Crown Court)，只受理治安法院一审的刑事上诉案件及其一审的重大刑事案件（major criminal case）。

参考双语例句：

Section 12 of the Supreme Court Ordinance gives the High Court the same jurisdiction in criminal matters as that held and exercised by the High Court and Crown Court in England. hkreform.gov.hk

最高法院条例第12条赋与高院原讼庭处理刑事案件的权力，与英国高等法院及皇家法院所具有及行使的权力相同。

⑤上诉法院(Court of Appeal)，是县法院(County Court)、高等法院(High Court)、王座法院(CrownCourt)共同的上一级法院。上诉法院设有民事审判庭（civil tribunal）和刑事审判庭（criminal tribunal），分别受理不服县法院、高等法院或王座法院一审的民事或刑事上诉案件。

参考双语例句：

As reasons for his failure to appeal, the author submitted that the day before he was to be expelled from Sweden, the Migration Court decided not to stay the enforcement of his expulsion, and that he had good reasons to believe that the Migration Court of Appeal would also reject his request for a stay of enforcement, in view of the fact that the Court of Appeal would probably not grant him leave to appeal.

据申诉人在遭驱逐的前一天称，未提出上诉的原因是移民事务法庭决定不暂缓执行驱逐，而且，鉴于上诉庭很可能不会批准他上诉的请求，因此，他完全有理由认为，移民上诉庭也会拒绝他要求暂缓执行的要求。

Any individual who is dissatisfied with a decision handed down by a court of first instance may appeal to the court of appeal in all civil, commercial, criminal and social matters.

任何个人如果在民事、商事、刑事和社会案件中对初审法院做出的司法裁决不服，都可以向上诉法院提出上诉。

⑥上议院(House of Lords)，受理不服上诉法院(Court of Appeal)判决的二审上诉或某些进入三审程序的重要案件，也是英国国内的终审法院（the Court of Final Appeal），包括英格兰、威尔士所有案件的终审以及苏格兰民事案件的终审权。

参考双语例句：

However, in Re Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission25 , the House of Lords held that NIHRC could intervene in legal proceedings to make submissions where human rights principles needed to be raised, if permitted or invited to do so by the courts.

然而，在Re Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission25一案中，上议院裁定，北爱尔兰人权委员会若获法庭批准或邀请，便可介入法律诉讼，就所需提出的人权原则发表意见。

This debate, the first of its kind in the House of Lords, provided members of the House with the chance to scrutinize the Government’s policies for supporting young people in the many challenges that they face, especially in developing countries.

这是上议院第一次举行这种辩论，它为议员们提供了审视政府政策的机会，即这些政策是否支持青年人应对其面对的许多挑战，特别是在发展中国家。