Assertive conduct是证据法中的“非语言示意行为”,如以手指示意认定警方追捕名单中的嫌疑犯。此类行为属于传闻规则中的陈述,不能被法庭采纳,除非存在传闻证据的例外情况。传闻规则(hearsay rule),英美证据法中一种最为重要的证据排除规则。传闻指用以证明其所说内容为真实的法庭外陈述,包括口头陈述、书面陈述以及有意或无意地带有某种意思表示的非语言行为。传闻证据不具有证据资格,不得将传闻证据提交法庭进行调查质证,已经在法庭出示的,不得提交陪审团作为评议的根据。
Nonassertive conduct是证据法中的“非陈述性行为”(非言辞行为),如被警方当作疑犯质询时晕倒等,其不属于传闻证据规则中的陈述,可以被采信。传闻证据规则是英美证据法中最重要的证据规则之一,它原则上在审判中排除传闻证据要求,证人证言须在法庭上接受检验,只有在符合法定的例外情形时才允许采纳庭外陈述。
对于中国司法实践中存在的证人不愿作证、审判中大量使用书面证言的问题,该规则具有可资借鉴的意义。在中国的刑事诉讼中,为保障程序的公正性和诉讼的对抗性,必须根据实际情况确立合理的传闻证据规则,并规定适当的例外。
参考双语例句:
In response, CSP(CH) assured members that information from newspapers would initially be treated as hearsay information only and would not be used as intelligence until classification, reliability assessment and analysis had been conducted by designated staff.
警务处总警司(刑事)(总部)回应时向委员保证,来自报章的资料初步只会作为传闻资料,而不会当作情报,并会直至经指定人员进行分类可靠性评估及分析后才可供使用。
Some members have expressed grave concern that the present drafting of clause 142(2)(a) allowing the Tribunal to receive evidence that would not be admissible in court proceedings, including hearsay evidence, is too broad.
部分委员对第142(2)(a)条的草拟方式过于概括深表关注,因为按现行草拟方式,审裁处获准接纳在法院进行的法律程序中不可接纳的证据,包括传闻证据。
He might also find it difficult to explain why he had decided to investigate one apparent case of maladministration but not others, and might be exposed to unwarranted pressures to investigate complaints based on hearsay, or malicious complaints made anonymously.
他亦可能难以解释为何决定调查宗表面属行政失当的个案但却不调查其他个案,他同时可能会受到不必要的压力而调查基于传闻的投诉或恶意提出的匿名投诉。