在翻译英文合同时经常会出现Arbitration Clause(仲裁条款),今天就带领大家一起揭开Arbitration Clause 的神秘面纱。
首先,仲裁是什么意思呢。Arbitration【英文释义】为“Arbitration is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to one or more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the dispute. In choosing arbitration, the parties opt for a private dispute resolution procedure instead of going to court.”;【中文释义】为“仲裁一般是当事人根据他们之间订立的仲裁协议,自愿将其争议提交由非司法机构的仲裁员组成的仲裁庭进行裁判,并受该裁判约束的一种制度”。
其次,为什么要约定仲裁协议(或仲裁条款)呢。(1)及时性。我国《仲裁法》第九条规定“仲裁实行一裁终局的制度。裁决作出后,当事人就同一纠纷再申请仲裁或者向人民法院起诉的,仲裁委员会或者人民法院不予受理”,而《民事诉讼法》第十条规定“人民法院审理民事案件,依照法律规定实行合议、回避、公开审判和两审终审制度”。由上述法条可知仲裁实行一裁终局制度,一旦裁决即发生法律效力。仲裁程序比较灵活、简便,当事人可以协议选择仲裁程序,避免繁琐环节,及时解决争议。(2)保密性。我国《仲裁法》第四十条规定“仲裁不公开进行”,而根据《民事诉讼法》第十条可知法院要进行公开审判,此举可以防止泄露当事人不愿公开的专利、专有技术等。仲裁方式保护了当事人的商业秘密,更为重要的是仲裁从庭审到裁决结果的秘密性,使当事人的商业信誉不受影响,也使双方当事人在感情上容易接受,有利于日后继续生意上的往来。(3)强制性。我国《仲裁法》第六十二条规定“当事人应当履行裁决。一方当事人不履行的,另一方当事人可以依照民事诉讼法的有关规定向人民法院申请执行。受申请的人民法院应当执行。”可见,仲裁裁决和法院判决一样,同样具有法律约束力,当事人必须严格履行。
然后,一个有效的仲裁协议或条款应包含哪些内容呢。我国《仲裁法》第十六条规定“仲裁协议包括合同中订立的仲裁条款和以其他书面方式在纠纷发生前或者纠纷发生后达成的请求仲裁的协议。 仲裁协议应当具有下列内容:(一)请求仲裁的意思表示;(二)仲裁事项; (三)选定的仲裁委员会。”由此可知一个仲裁协议或条款有效须包含以下几个方面:(1)仲裁协议要求书面形式,口头无效;(2)请求仲裁的意思表示,即当事人在仲裁协议中应当明确肯定地表达出将争议提交仲裁解决的意思表示;(3)仲裁事项,即当事人应当在仲裁协议中明确提交仲裁的具体争议事项;(4)有选定的仲裁委员会,选定的仲裁委员会应当明确、具体、唯一。
如:
1. Arbitration. Any and all disputes, controversies, and claims arising out of or relating to this Agreement, including the formation, interpretation, breach or termination thereof, and also including whether the claims asserted are arbitrable, shall be finally determined by arbitration submitted to the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce and shall be finally settled under the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said Rules. The arbitration proceeding shall be conducted in the English language in London, England. Judgment upon the award rendered by the arbitrator(s) may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof.
仲裁。因本协议(包括本协议的订立、解释、违反或终止)而产生的或与之有关的所有争议、争论和索赔,不论主张的索赔是否可进行仲裁,均应最终通过仲裁解决,即提交至国际商会仲裁法庭,由指定的一名或多名仲裁员根据国际商会的仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁语言为英语,仲裁地为英国伦敦。仲裁员作出的仲裁裁决可录入任何具有司法管辖权法院的档案。
分析:
2. Arbitration. If the dispute cannot be resolved within thirty (30) days after the above notice is served, either party has the right to submit the dispute to arbitration. The Parties agree that the dispute shall be submitted to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) in Beijing, and the CIETAC shall make an arbitral award in accordance with the then-effective arbitration rules of the CIETAC. The arbitral award is final and binding on all the Parties. The arbitration commission has the right to rule that, with respect to the equity of the School Sponsor, property interests, or other assets, WFOE shall be compensated for the losses caused to WFOE due to the breaching behaviors of other Parties hereto, or to issue corresponding injunctions (for example, for the purpose of business operation or forced transfer of assets), or to rule that the School shall be dissolved and liquidated. After the arbitral award comes into effect, either Party has the right to apply to a court of competent jurisdiction to enforce the arbitral award.
仲裁。如果上述通知送达后三十(30)天内不能解决该争议,则任何一方均有权将该争议提交仲裁解决。各方同意将争议提交位于北京的中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会按其届时有效的仲裁规则作出仲裁裁决,该仲裁裁决为终局性裁决,对各方均有法律约束力。仲裁委员会有权就学校的举办者权益、物业权益或其他资产裁决赔偿或抵偿WFOE因本协议其他方的违约行为而对WFOE造成的损失,或颁布相应的禁令(如为进行业务或强制转让资产之需要),或裁决学校解散、清算。仲裁裁决生效后,任何一方均有权向具有管辖权的法院申请执行仲裁裁决。