Youthful Offenders在英美法中有以下两种含义:
(1) 青年违法者。一般指年龄在18-25岁之间的违法的年轻人,对这些年轻人在量刑时给予特殊的考虑。美国联邦和各州的法律确定青年违法者的身份的目的旨在通过在监狱中为其提供就业、教育、咨询等服务及防止他们接触其他年长且有经验的罪犯,使其成功地回归社会。对青年违法者还可采取一些诸如小区监督的特殊措施,如青年违法者表现良好,即可消除其犯罪记录。
(2) 未成年犯;少年犯,也称Juvenile Delinquent、Delinquent Children,犯罪少年(儿童);违法少年(儿童)。未达到特定年龄的违反刑事法律或有不良行为的未成年人,需要对其治疗、改造、管理。在美国,某些州的法律将有下列行为的少年儿童视为有不良行为者:
1违反联邦或州的法律,或违反市政当局或其他地方性法规;
2无正当理由离家出走或离开其合法的、当局认可的住所地;
3脱离父母或其他监护人监护的;
4有下流或不道德行为的;
5经常逃学或在校期间屡次公开违反校规校纪的;
6违反法庭命令的。
参考双语例句:
CRC expressed concern at the handling of the Children Beyond Parental Control system, under which parents can file a formal complaint with the Children Care Court and children between 8 to 16 years of age can be placed in institutions, sometimes in the same institutions as juvenile delinquents.
儿童权利委员会对“不服家长管教儿童”制度的处理做法表示关切,即在这一制度下家长可向关爱儿童法庭提出正式申诉,法庭可将8至16岁的儿童送入管教所,有时是与少年犯关在同一个机构里。
As a minimum, States should decriminalize survival behaviours such as begging, loitering, vagrancy, running away and other acts, and ensure that children with street-connections are not forcibly rounded-up or treated like criminals or delinquents for survival activities.
各国至少应该规定乞讨、游荡、流浪、逃跑和其他各种生存行为不是刑事犯罪,并确保与街头有联系的儿童不会因生存活动被强行驱集或者受到类似于罪犯或少年犯的对待。
It is important to note, however, that separate strategies and policies in accordance with international standards, in particular the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules), the United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (the Riyadh Guidelines), the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty and the Guidelines for Action on Children in the Criminal Justice System, need to be designed for the treatment and rehabilitation of this category of prisoners, while institutionalization shall be avoided to the maximum possible extent.
然而,需要指出的非常重要的一点是,需要按照相应的国际标准,尤其是《联合国少年司法最低限度标准规则》(北京规则)、《联合国预防少年犯罪准则》(利雅得准则)、《联合国保护被剥夺自由的少年规则》以及《刑事司法系统中儿童问题行动指南》,设计有关这一类别囚犯待遇和重新融入社会的单独战略和政策,同时应在可能的最大限度内避免实行关押。