务合同属于庄重文体,用词极其考究,具有特定性和严肃的风格。总体上看,合同的词汇特点体现在用词专业和用词正式、准确两个方面。
1. 英文古体词汇的使用
根 据西方语言习惯,在商务合同中会使用大量的古 体词汇来体现法律语言的专业性、准确性,例如用“herein”来表示“协议中(in the agreement)”,用“hereto”来表示“本协议的”(to the agreement)。 这些英文古体词正确规范、专业性强、准确严谨,可以使译文准确地表现出原文意思,体现法律语言的专业性。
2. “应当”、“应”的翻译
在表述“施为性”和“必要性”的法律概念时,汉语用典型的特征词“应当”、“应该”或“应”来表示。 翻译时,通常将“应当”译为情态动词“shall”,主要是因为情态动词“shall”表示“权利义务和责任”的法律含义,带有指令性和强制性,可以充分体现了法律问题的权威性和约束性。
Shall 在法律英语中的词义不同于普通英语的词义:(1)在特指立法文本和司法文本中表示命令、必要性和强制性;(2)表示决心、肯定,强调法律语言的语势,起修饰作用;(3)表示计划、意愿、与预期,一般用于合同等实务性的法律文书中。
3. 英文合同习惯成对使用近义词
关于近义词、同义词的使用,在英文商务合同中我们经常见的表达有: 履行 perform and fulfill; 条款 terms and conditions; 关税 customs fees and duties; 无效 null and void; 提供 furnish and provide; ...的时候 as and when; 权益 rights and interests 等。
4. 必要时需转换词性
为了突出客观公正性,不带主观色彩,法律英语句子中较少出现人称主语,更多的是被动语态和名词化结构。 这样在忠实原文意思的同时,又可以将其意思准确无误的表达出来。 (汉语动词转换为英语的名词)
例:当发生不可抗力时,受影响一方应马上通知另一方,并提供此类事件发生的证据。
In the event of occurrence of force majeure, the effected party shall immediately notify the other party of any such occurrence and provide evidence of the occurring condition.
为了避免语义模糊产生歧义或者纠纷,在合同英语中经常使用介词和介词短语。 常用的结构如“介词+名词+介词”或“名词+介词短语”这样的语法结构来确保合同语言的严谨规范。 (汉语动词转换成英语的介词或介词短语)
例:双方在此确认同意并承认,如果本协议、或本协议双方之间产生的、或本协议引起、或违反本协议或与本协议有关的任何争议,应以本协议中的规定为准。
The parties hereto agree and acknowledge that to the extent any terms and controversy(under this contract or arising between the partiesor out of contract or for breach of or in relation to this contract)shall be governed and controlled by the Agreement.
合同翻译常见表达
合同一式二份,由双方各持一正本。
This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party.
合同未尽事宜,可由双方增补作为合同附件。
What is left unmentioned in contract may be added there as an appendix.
本合同一式四份(正副本各两份),自签署后生效。
The contract is written in quadruplicate (two for original and copy respectively) which shall become valid on the date of signature.
本合同为中英两种文本,两种文本具有同等效力。
The contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English, each of which shall be deemed equally.
本合同由中英文写成,一式两份,如有争议,以英文文本为准。
The contract is made in English and Chinese with two origins and shall be effective upon signing. In case of any conflict, the English version shall prevail.
本合同由买卖双方签订,根据本合同条款,买方同意购买,卖方同意出售以下产品。
This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
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(文章来源:法平教育)