中英对照

第四十四条　依法成立的合同，自成立时生效。法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续生效的，依照其规定。 

Article 44 A contract legally executed shall become effective upon execution.Where a contract may become effective only after the completion of approval and registration procedure according to the provisions of laws and administrative regulations,  such provisions shall govern. 

第四十五条　当事人对合同的效力可以约定附条件。附生效条件的合同，自条件成就时生效。附解除条件的合同，自条件成就时失效。当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条件成就的，视为条件已成就；不正当地促成条件成就的，视为条件不成就。

 Article 45  The parties may agree to attach conditions on the validity of the contract. A contract with collateral conditions on its entry into effect shall become effective upon the fulfillment of the conditions. A contract with collateral conditions on its dissolution shall lose its validity upon the fulfillment of the conditions.Where either party, for the sake of its own interests, unjustifiably prevents the fulfillment of the aforesaid conditions, the conditions shall be deemed as fulfilled; where either party unjustifiably hastens the fulfillment of the conditions, the conditions shall be deemed as not fulfilled. 

第四十六条　当事人对合同的效力可以约定附期限。附生效期限的合同，自期限届至时生效。附终止期限的合同，自期限届满时失效。 

Article 46 The parties may agree to attach a time limit for the entry into effect of a  contract. A contract with an attached time limit  for its entry into effect shall become effective upon expiry of the time limit. A contract attached with a time limit  for its termination shall lose its effect upon expiry of the time  limit. 

第四十七条　限制民事行为能力人订立的合同，经法定代理人追认后，该合同有效，但纯获利益的合同或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应而订立的合同，不必经法定代理人追认。相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。

 Article 47 A contract entered into by a person with limited civil capacity may become valid only after ratification by his legal agent. However, a contract of such kind  which is purely profit-making or the making of which is compatible to the age, intelligence and mental health of the person concerned needs no ratification by his legal agent.The counterpart may urge the legal agent to give ratification within one month. Where the legal agent does not respond, the non-response shall be deemed a refusal of ratification. Pending the ratification, the bona fide counterpart has the right to rescind.  The rescission shall be made by a notice.

第四十八条　行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立的合同，未经被代理人追认，对被代理人不发生效力，由行为人承担责任。相对人可以催告被代理人在一个月内予以追认。被代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。 

Article 48     A contract that is entered into by an actor without  the right of agency, in excess of the right of agency or beyond the expiration of the right of agency, in the name of a principal and without ratification by the  principal, shall have no binding force on the principal, and the actor shall bear the responsibility therefor.The counterpart may urge the principal to give     ratification of the contract within one month. Where the principal does not respond, the non-response shall be deemed a refusal of ratification. Pending the ratification, the bona fide counterpart has the right to rescind. The rescission shall be made by a notice.

第四十九条　行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立合同，相对人有理由相信行为人有代理权的，该代理行为有效。

 Article 49 Where an actor enters, without the right of agency, in excess of the right of agency or beyond the expiration of the  right of agency, into a contract in the name of a principal, and where the counterpart has grounds to believe that the actor has the right of agency, the act of agency shall be deemed as effective. 

第五十条　法人或者其他组织的法定代表人、负责人超越权限订立的合同，除相对人知道或者应当知道其超越权限的以外，该代表行为有效。 Article 50 Where  a legal person, or the legal representative or the person in charge of an organization exceeds the limits of power in making a contract, the act of representation shall be effective unless the counterpart is aware or ought to be aware of the excess of the limit of power. 

第五十一条　无处分权的人处分他人财产，经权利人追认或者无处分权的人订立合同后取得处分权的，该合同有效。 

Article 51  Where a person without the right of disposal disposes of another's  property, upon ratification by the obligee or if the person without the right of disposal obtains the right of disposal   after making the contract, the contract shall be effective. 

第五十二条　有下列情形之一的，合同无效：（一）一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同，损害国家利益；

（二）恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益；

（三）以合法形式掩盖非法目的；

（四）损害社会公共利益；

（五）违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。

 Article 52   A contract is invalid under any of the following circumstances:

(1) either party enters into the contract by means of fraud or coercion and impairs the State's interests;

(2) there is malicious conspiracy causing damage to the interests of the State, of the collective or of a third party;

(3) there is an attempt to conceal illegal goals under the disguise of legitimate forms;

(4) harm is done to social and public interests;     or

(5) mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations are violated. 

法律解读

第44至52条是“附条件、附期限合同”、“效力待定合同”、“无效合同”制度，以上9条分别规定了：

1.合同生效时间（成立+批准/登记）

2.附条件合同（附生效条件+附解除条件）

3.附期限合同（附生效期限+附终止期限）

4.效力待定合同（限制民事行为能力+无权代理+无权处分） 

5.效力待定合同例外（表见代理+法定代表）

6.无效合同（五种情形）

法言法语

1.附生效条件、附解除条件、附生效期限、附解除期限。

这里采取直译法分别翻译为a contract with collateral conditions on its  entry into effect, a contract with collateral conditions on its dissolution, a contract with an attached time     limit on its entry into effect, a contract with an attached time limit on its termination 。collateral在法律英语中，作名词指property acceptable as security for a loan or other obligation(抵押物)，这里作形容词，意为accompany或concomitant。Dissolution在法律英语中意为 the act of disorganizing or disuniting it, as

inmarriage, contracts, or corporations，其动词形式为dissolve，解除的意思。

2.（条件）成就。Fulfillment或accomplish（of conditions）。

3.追认。英文翻译使用ratify一词准确。Ratification is a principal's approval of an act of its agent where the agent lacked authority to legally bind the principal. Ratification defines the international act whereby a state indicates its consent to be bound to a treaty if the parties intended to show their consent by such an act. 法律英语中，ratify是追认、批准的意思.

4.行为人、代理人、被代理人、法定代理人、法定代表人、相对人、权利人（债权人）、义务人（债务人）。分别译为actor，agent，principal，legal agent, legal representative, counterpart，obligee , obligor没有争议。需要注意的是，actor这里不是演员。legal agent有人翻译为Statutory agent，前者更贴切。

5.善意、恶意。在上篇第42条关于“缔约过失责任”的解读中，恶意磋商被译为Negotiate in bad faith或engage in consultation with malicious intention。善意这里翻译为bona fide，其为拉丁语，既可以做形容词，也可以做副词，比如bona-fide applicant，bona-fide third party。

6.没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立合同。enter into a contract without the right of agency, in excess of the right of  agency or beyond the expiration of the right of agency。

7.（法定代理人未）作表示的/（合同）被追认之前。翻译为pending the ratification。这里，pending是个常用词汇，意思为awaiting conclusion or confirmation，可以做动词、名词、介词。在合同谈判中，未谈定的内容让搁置。

8.知道或者应当知道。Be aware or ought to be aware of。

9.欺诈、胁迫、恶意串通。Fraud，coercion，malicious conspiracy。

10.合法形式、非法目的。Illegal goals 和legitimate forms。 

William，2018-06-04

如有错误、不足，欢迎留言指正或讨论~

（文章来源：实务法律英语公众号）