中英对照

第五十三条　合同中的下列免责条款无效：

（一）造成对方人身伤害的；

（二）因故意或者重大过失造成对方财产损失的。 

Article 53  The following clauses on liability exemption in a contract shall be invalid:

(1) those causing physical injury to the other party; or

(2) those causing losses to property to the other party by intention or due to gross negligence.

第五十四条　下列合同，当事人一方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销：

（一）因重大误解订立的；

（二）在订立合同时显失公平的。一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下订立的合同，受损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销。当事人请求变更的，人民法院或者仲裁机构不得撤销。 

Article 54 Either party has the right to request a people's court or an arbitration institution to alter or rescind any of the following contracts:

(1) any contract which is made under substantial misunderstanding; or

(2) any contract the making of which lacks fairness.Where a party makes the other party enter into a contract against its true will by means of deceit, coercion or taking advantage of its difficulties, the injured party has the right to request a people's court or an arbitration institution to alter or rescind the contract.Where the request of the party is an alteration to the contract, the people's court or arbitration institution shall not rescind it. 

第五十五条　有下列情形之一的，撤销权消灭：

（一）具有撤销权的当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内没有行使撤销权；

（二）具有撤销权的当事人知道撤销事由后明确表示或者以自己的行为放弃撤销权。 

Article 55 The right to rescind shall vanish where:

(1) the party with the right to rescind has not exercised it within a year from the date on which it was aware or ought to be aware of the matter for the rescission; or

(2) the party with the right to rescind waivers its right by express indication or by its own act after it was aware of the matter for the rescission.

第五十六条　无效的合同或者被撤销的合同自始没有法律约束力。合同部分无效，不影响其他部分效力的，其他部分仍然有效。 

Article 56 An invalid or rescinded contract does not have legal binding force from the outset. If a part of a contract becomes invalid without affecting the validity of the other parts, the other parts remain valid. 

第五十七条　合同无效、被撤销或者终止的，不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。 

Article 57 If a contract becomes invalid, or is rescinded or terminated, the validity of its independently existing clauses pertaining to the settlement of disputes shall not be affected. 

第五十八条　合同无效或者被撤销后，因该合同取得的财产，应当予以返还；不能返还或者没有必要返还的，应当折价补偿。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因此所受到的损失，双方都有过错的，应当各自承担相应的责任。 Article 58 After a contract becomes invalid or is rescinded, any property obtained under the contract shall be returned. If it is impossible or unnecessary to return  the property, compensation shall be made at an     estimated price. The party at fault shall compensate the other party for the loss caused by the fault. If both parties have faults, they shall  bear their respective responsibilities. 

第五十九条　当事人恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的，因此取得的财产收归国家所有或者返还集体、第三人。

Article 59 If the parties impair by malicious conspiracy the interests of the State, of the collective or of a third party, the property they have thus obtained shall be returned to the State, the collective or the third party.

法律解读

第43至59条是“无效合同”、“可撤销合同”制度，以上7条分别规定了：

1.无效免责条款（2情形:人身+财产）

2.可撤销合同（5情形:重大误解+显示公平+欺诈+胁迫+乘人之危）

3.撤销权消灭条件（默示+明示）

4.合同无效/被撤销的后果（自始无效+部分无效+返还财产/折价赔偿/过错赔偿+返还第三方）

法言法语

1.免责条款。常见翻译有immunity clause, exception clause或者clauses     on liability exemption。合同重要条款和谈判高频用词。

2.人身伤害。Personal injury或者physical injury。

3.故意、重大过失、过错。个人在实务经验，“故意与重大过失”老外分别使用willful conduct和gross negligence居多。此外，故意（行为）还可译为act     intentionally, deliberate intent。重大过失还有人译为 gross fault，是否妥当有争议。“过错”翻译为fault无争议，其常见表述有mental fault，be at fault                                                    4.重大误解、显示公平、乘人之危。substantial/seroious misunderstanding，lack of fairness, taking advantage of its difficulties/exploitation of the other party’s unfavorable position。

5.（撤销权）消灭、放弃。Extinguish/vanish和waive。

6.自始。使用from the outset而不是from the beginning，充分体现了法律英语“使用正式词汇”的特征。

7.相关。使用pertaining而不是relevant充分体现了法律英语“使用正式词汇”的特征。

                                                    William，2018-06-07

如有错误、不足，欢迎留言指正或讨论~

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