保全,是民事诉讼中一项非常重要的法律制度。对财产和证据及时进行保全,对于法院作出判决及判决后的执行至关重要。民事诉讼中的保全依照保全标的的不同,一般包括财产保全、证据保全和行为保全。
财产保全
财产保全,是指人民法院对于可能因当事人一方行为或者其他原因,使判决不能执行或难以执行的案件,在对该案判决前,依法对诉讼标的物或与本案有关的财物采取的强制性措施。人民法院在决定采取财产保全措施前,可令申请人提供担保,拒绝提供担保的,驳回财产保全申请。对情况紧急的,人民法院可在48小时内作出裁定,并立即采取财产保全措施。当事人不服财产保全裁定的,可以申请复议。复议期间,不停止裁定的执行。
常用于表示“保全”一词的英文主要有两个:attachment和preservation
财产保全中“保全”一词可用“Attachment”来表示:
Attachment is a legal process by which a court of law, at the request of a creditor, designates specific property owned by the debtor to be transferred to the creditor, or sold for the benefit of the creditor. A wide variety of legal mechanisms are employed by debtors to prevent the attachment of their assets. (From Wikipedia)
因此财产保全常译为“Property attachment”,相应地“财产保全申请书”也可以译为“Application for Property Attachment”。
行为保全
行为保全是指在民事诉讼的概念中,为避免当事人或者利害关系人的利益受到不应有的损害或进一步的损害,法院得依他们的申请对相关当事人的侵害或有侵害之虞的行为采取强制措施。对行为保全的裁定,不可以上诉,但可以申请复议。
由以上对于attachment的定义可知,attachment多用于指财产。因此行为保全中的“保全”多采用“preservation”一词。
国际著名知识产权媒体World Trademark Review《世界商标评论》在其网站中亦是如此使用的:
Supreme People’s Court’s Regulations on Act Preservation for Intellectual Property Disputes – key points explained
Act preservation orders are intended to restrain the actions of a party in a civil action via interlocutory or interim relief.
https://www.worldtrademarkreview.com/enforcement-and-litigation/supreme-peoples-courts-regulations-act-preservation-intellectual
相关双语示例如下:
在专利侵权诉讼二审程序中,如果当事人既申请责令停止侵权的行为保全,又申请停止侵害的先行判决,但一审法院判令停止侵害的判决因处于上诉状态而尚未发生效力时,二审法院可以先作出停止侵害的保全裁定。
In the procedure of second instance of patent infringement litigation, the court of second instance can first make a preservation ruling to stop the infringement if the party concerned not only applies for act preservation, requesting the court to order the accused to stop the infringement but also applies for a partial judgment to stop the infringement but such judgment of the court of first instance has not taken effect since the case is still in the state of appeal.
证据保全
证据保全,是指在证据有可能毁损、灭失,或以后难以取得的情况下,人民法院采取措施对证据进行保护,以保证其证明力的一项措施。中国民事诉讼法、行政诉讼法规定,在证据可能灭失或者以后难以取得的情况下,诉讼参加人可以申请证据保全,人民法院也可以主动采取证据保全措施。中国刑事诉讼法规定,司法机关有权采取各种措施收集、调取证据,对于扣押的物品、文件要妥善保管或者封存。
证据保全中的“保全”一词使用的亦是“preservation”。
如:
Evidence preservation is the process of seizing suspect property without altering or changing the contents of data that resides on devices and removable media.
美国亦有类似的证据保全法令:
Preservation of evidence statutes require government agencies to retain evidence that may contain biological material so the evidence can be tested for perpetrator DNA or the absence of a defendant's DNA.