①Action in personam，翻译为“对人诉讼”，确定当事人自身对诉讼标的享有的权利和利益的诉讼。也称personal action。“in personam”的英文释义为：(of a legal proceeding or judgment) directed against a party or parties, rather than against property.即(指法律程序或判决)针对一个或多个当事人，而不是针对财产。

以我国海商海事法律为视角海难事故发生之时责任主体的认定一直是海商法领域所关注的问题。根据民法的观点，对于事故的发生，一般由引起事故的那个“人”承担赔偿责任，即谁直接或间接造成了最后的损失，谁就是那个责任主体。因而，在海商法下，谁是那个“人”往往系争议之所在。

②Action in rem，翻译为“对物诉讼”，确定某项财产的所有权以及当事人对该财产的权利的诉讼。其判决不仅对诉讼当事人有效，而且对所有在任何时间对该财产主张权益的人有效。“in rem”的英文释义为：(of a legal proceeding or judgment) directed against a thing, rather than against a person, as a legal proceeding for the recovery of property. 即：(指法律程序或判决)针对某物而不是针对某人，作为追回财产的法律程序。

对物诉讼制度起源于英国海事法，它是有别于对人诉讼的一种特别的诉讼制度。是指对“标的物”提起诉讼，即把物当作是诉讼法律关系中的当事一方。在海事纠纷中，物通常是指船舶。权利人可以针对船舶提起诉讼而不论该船舶的所有人是谁，也无论船东在对人诉讼下是否存在责任。权利人的权利附着在船舶上，及时船舶被转卖也不会影响权利的有效性。

参考双例句：

This Passage Contract applies to claims, actions and litigation of any kind (including but not limited to exceptional physical injury, illness or death) whether in "personam" against the Carrier or "in rem" against the Vessel or any Vessel in the same or associated ownership or management and whether founded in contract or in tort.

本航行合约适用于任何种类的索赔、法律行动或诉讼（包括但不限于意外身体伤害、疾病或死亡），不论是控 告承运人的「对人」诉讼或是控告本船舶或由相同或相关所有权人或管理阶层所经营的任何船舶的「对物」诉讼，且不论此类诉讼是基于合约或侵权而提出。

On appeal against the dismissal of the application for enforcement, the court allowed the appeal, concluding that ordinary rules for enforcing or not enforcing foreign judgements in personam did not apply to insolvency proceedings and that the mechanisms available in insolvency proceedings to bring actions against third parties for the collective benefit of all creditors were integral to the collective nature of insolvency and not just merely incidental procedural matters. daccess-ods.un.org

在针对驳回执行申请提起的上诉中，法院允许提起上诉，得出的结论 是 关于执行或不执行外国对人判决的普通规则并不适用于破产程序，破产程序中可用的为所有债权人的共同利益而针对第三方提起诉讼的机制是破产的集体性的组成部分，而不只是附带的程序事项。

In other States, licence agreements may not be subject to rejection under insolvency law because: (a) a rule that excludes the leases of immovable property from insolvency rules on rejection of contracts in the case of the lessor’s insolvency applies by analogy to licence agreements in the licensor’s insolvency; (b) licence agreements relating to exclusive licences create property rights (rights in rem) that are not subject to rejection (but may be subject to avoidance); (c) licence agreements are not regarded as contracts that have not been fully performed by both parties as the licensor has already performed its obligations by granting the licence; or (d) they are registered in the relevant intellectual property registry.

在另一些国家，许可协议可能由于下述原因而不得根据破产法取消：(a)在出租人破产情况下，不动产租赁免于适用关于取消合同的破产规则，这一规则类推适用于许可人破产情况下的许可协议；(b)独占许可的许可协议设立了不能取消的财产权（物权）（但 法院可以宣布撤销）；(c)许可协议不被视为双方当事人没有充分履行的合同，因为许可人已经通过授予许可而履行了自己的义务；(d)许可协议在有关知识产权登记处进行了登记。