海上货物运输合同,英文表达为contract of carriage of goods by sea或contract of affreightment,是指承运人或出租人将货物经海道由一港运到另一港而由托运人或承租人支付运费的协议。包括租船合同和提单两大类。合同当事人的权利、义务由双方在合同中约定。
在海上货物运输合同中承运人义务、权利、免责总结:
一、承运人的义务
①船舶适航(seaworthiness)
即谨慎处理义务(due diligence)
②管货义务(care for cargo)
货物装载loading
搬移handling
积载stowage
运输carriage
保管custody
照料care for
卸载discharge
③不做不合理绕航(do not make unreasonable deviation)
④签发提单(issue a bill of lading)
二、承运人权利
①各项费用的请求权(Claim for various expenses)
运费freight
亏仓费dead freight
滞期费demurrage
②货物留置权 lien on cargo
三、承运人免责
与承运人的基本法定义务相对应,海商法规定了12项承运人的法定免责事由。由于这些法定免责是承运人能享受的最多免责,运输合同只能减少,不能增加,否则无效,因此,又被称为“承运人的最高法定免责”:
(1)船长(captain)、船员(sailor)、引航员(pilot)或者承运人的其他受雇人在驾驶船舶(navigation of the ship)或者管理船舶中(management of the ship)的过失;
(2)火灾,fire但是由于承运人本人的过失所造成的除外;
(3)天灾,act of god海上或者其他可航水域的危险或者意外事故;
(4)战争或者武装冲突,war or armed conflict;
(5)检疫限制或司法扣押,quarantine restrictions or judicial detention;
(6)罢工,strike;
(7)海上救助,marine salvage;
(8)托运人(consignor)、货物所有人(owner of the goods)或者他们的代理人(agent)的行为;
(9)货物的固有缺陷,inherent defect;
(10)货物的包装不良,poor packing;
(11)船舶的潜在缺陷,latent defect;
(12)非由于承运人或者承运人的受雇人、代理人的过失造成的其他原因。
参考双语例句:
Except when there is an exclusive choice of court agreement that is binding pursuant to article 67 or 72, a carrier or a maritime performing party that institutes an action seeking a declaration of non-liability or any other action that would deprive a person of its right to select the forum pursuant to article 66 or 68 shall, at the request of the defendant, withdraw that action once the defendant has chosen a court designated pursuant to article 66 or 68, whichever is applicable, where the action may be recommenced.
除非根据第六十七条或第七十二条存在一项具有约束力的排他性法院选择协议,承运人或海运履约方提起的诉讼寻求一项不承担赔偿责任声明的,或提起的其他任何诉讼将剥夺一人根据第六十六条或第六十八条选择诉讼地的权利的,该承运人或海运履约方应在被告已选择根据第六十六条或第六十八条(两者以适用者为准)所指定的法院的情况下,根据被告的要求撤回该诉讼,然后可以在该法院重新提起诉讼。
Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provisions of this clause, every exemption, limitation, condition and liberty herein contained and every right, exemption from liability, defence and immunity of whatsoever nature applicable to the Carrier or to which the Carrier is entitled hereunder shall also be available and shall extend to protect every such servant or agent of the Carrier (including such contractors as aforesaid) acting as aforesaid and for the purpose of all the foregoing provisions of this clause, the Carrier is or shall be deemed to be acting as agent or trustee on behalf of and for the benefit of all persons who are or might be the Carrier's servants or agents from time to time (including such contractors as aforesaid) and all such persons shall to this extent be or be deemed to be parties to the Passage Contract.
在无损本条前述规定的情况下,本航行合约所载豁免、限制、条件和自由,以及根据本航行合约适用于承运人或承运人有权享有的各项权利、责任豁免权、辩护和任何性质的豁免权,亦须供及须扩及保障如前述行事及为本条所有前述规定的目的行事的承运人的每位该等雇员或代理人(包括如前述的该等承包商),承运人为或须被视为为及代表不时作为(或可能成为)其雇员或代理人的人士(包括如前述的该等承包商)的利益而作为代理人或受托人行事,而所有此等人士在此范围内须或须被视为航行合约的订约方。