前言
回顾历史,有很多人都被流放过,比如屈原、韩愈、唐中宗李显、苏轼等,尤其是苏轼,更被称为“不是被流放,就是在被流放的路上”。那么在法律英语中,关于流放的单词又有哪些呢,又该如何辨析它们呢,今天我们就一起来看一下。
Banishment / Deportation / Exile
Expatriation / Relegation / Ostracism / Bannitus
流放、放逐
1、 banishment
流放,逐出国境。
在美国,指迫使罪犯在一定时间内或终身离开一国的一种刑罚方式,类似于放逐(exilement)或驱逐出境(deportation)。
在英国,这种做法可能源于公开宣誓离开王国或根据法律而强制离开王国。
它不同于作为刑罚适用的放逐(transportation),也不同于只适用于外国人的驱逐出境(deportation)
(The punishment of being sent away from a place, especially from a country.)
例如:
Qu Yuan suffered banishment as the victim of a court intrigue.
His banishment shocked us all.
2、deportation
1、驱逐出境,常伴随着没收财产和剥夺民事权利;它不同于引渡(extradition),后者指将在另一国被控告的罪犯送交该国审判。
2、(现代通常做法)遣送回国。
3、放逐(banishment;extradition;to the country whence they come.)
(The act or an instance of removing a person to another country; especially, the expulsion or transfer of an alien from a country.)
例如:
Immigration officers tried to serve her with a deportation order.
3、exile
指长期离开祖国或家乡,其可是自愿的,如为执行公务、躲避危险、压迫等原因,也可以是一种强制性惩罚,作为刑罚,其多有一定期限。
(Expulsion from a country, especially from the country of one's origin or longtime residence.)
例如:
被迫流放(forced exile)
During his exile, he also began writing books.
The revolutionaries laid down their arms and its leaders went into voluntary exile.
4、expatriation
多指某人自愿称自己为他国公民而放弃对祖国的效忠;用作流放时,则指强迫某人离开祖国,且使其放弃国籍。
(To withdraw(oneself) from residence in or allegiance to one's native country; to leave one's home country to live elsewhere.)
例如:
Expatriation has never been easy on families.
Expatriation and individual measures, such as eugenic sterilization, even had parallels in America.
5、relegation
1、同relegatio = 〈拉〉驱逐 罗马法上的一种流放。与放逐(deportatio)不同。驱逐不剥夺市民权,放逐则剥夺;前者为逐出一定地区,后者则为禁锢在一定地区。驱逐可分为两种,一种是对奴隶的(in agros),另一种是对自由民的(in provincias)。驱逐既可以是短暂的,也可以是永久的。
2、(英格兰古法)(根据议会特别法适用的)流放;司法放逐。与宣誓流亡(abjuration)的不同之处在于:前者只是限定期限的,而后者是永久的离开原国家。
(Banishment or exile, especially, a temporary one.)
例如:
He faced relegation from the court for his outburst.
6、 ostracism
贝壳流放(指对威胁城邦安宁的公民由公众在会议上采用贝壳投票的方式来确定是否流放的制度,即将被流放的人名写在贝壳上,如够规定数目,应于十日内离开雅典流放十年)。
(1、The act of excluding someone from society by general consent.
2、The state of being banished or ostracized.)
例如:
They faced hostility, contempt, ostracism.
Workplace is one of the social contexts where ostracism often happens.
7、bannitus
同banni,也写作banniatus, 意为流放犯;被驱逐出境者;不法之徒。
([Law Latin]Hist. A person under a ban; an outlaw.)
例如:
A bannitus has came to the quiet village, and villagers were afraid of him.
好啦,以上就是本期的全部内容啦,关于流放和争论的辨析你都记清楚了吗?如果小伙伴觉得本期内容还不错,请记得点赞啊!
(本文转自公众号“律蚁语言服务社”,已获授权)