抵押担保是指债务人或者第三人不转移对某一特定物的占有,而将该财产作为债权的担保,债务人不履行债务时,债权人有权依照担保法的规定以该财产折价或者以拍卖、变卖该财产的价款优先受偿。今天,小编带大家一起学习关于“抵押担保”的法律英语词义辨析。
Charge/Mortgage
Pledge/Lien/Hypothecation
以上词汇均有“抵押担保”的含义。
Charge
n.担保;负担。为保证债务的清偿或义务的履行而在土地或其他财产上设定的抵押权[ mortgage]、留置权[lien]或其他无特别名称的担保权利,如果土地所有人或其所担保的人未偿还债务或履行义务——例如纳税、支付遗产或年金等,担保权利人可以诉请变卖土地以抵偿债务。根据英国1925年《财产法》[Law of Property Act],负担分为普通法所承认的土地负担——包括地租负担「rentcharge]、普通法上的抵押[ legal mortgage]、土地税负等——和衡平法上的土地负担[ equitable charge]。后者存在于债权人未取得对土地的普通法地产权的情况,例如通过寄存产权文书设定衡平法上的抵押[ equitable mortgage],或者借款人本身只对土地享有衡平法上的权利。土地上的负担必须在土地登记局或类似政府主管机构登记,否则不能对抗已支付对价的买主。
v.使…承受经济负担;使…负有付款责任;使作为地产担保负担;使…承担任务(或义务、职责等)。
英文释义:
1. To accuse(a person )of an offense <the police charged him with murder>.
2. To instruct or command <the dean charged the students to act ethically.
3. To instruct a jury on matters of law <the judge charged the jury on self-defense>.
4. To impose a lien or claim; to encumber <charge the land with a tax lien?
5. To entrust with responsibilities or duties <charge the guardian with the ward's care>. 6. To demand a fee; to bill<the clerk charged a small filing fee>.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Mortgage
n.抵押;抵押权。债权人在债务人为担保债的履行而提供但不转移占有的财产(尤指不动产)上设定的优先受偿权。在抵押关系中,债务人称抵押人[mortgagor],债权人称抵押权人[ mortgagee]。关于抵押权的性质,早期的普通法认定,抵押物所有权应先转让给债权人。债务人如依约履行债务,抵押关系消灭,抵押物所有权转让失效。债务人如不能依约履行,抵押物即全归债权人所有。由于抵押物的价值一般大于债务,衡平法认为此说对债务人有欠公平,故认定抵押关系设定的并非产权转让而仅是对抵押物的优先受偿权[lien]。债务人如到期未履行债务,并未丧失抵押物所有权,还可申请延期履行,保留回赎权,而债权人为实现抵押权,也可向法院申请取消回赎权[foreclosure],并依据抵押合同,变卖抵押物偿债。美国各州现大多采用优先受偿说,少数州虽仍沿袭所有权转让说,但其后通过的制定法均有所修正,两者已十分接近。英美法还规定,同项财产可设定几个抵押权。抵押人在抵押期内可不经抵押权人同意转让抵押物,但抵押权人仍可追及抵押物而行使其权利。为此,抵押权人在设定抵押权后应立即办理抵押物登记,以对抗第三人。
v.抵押;把…作抵押。
英文释义:
1. A conveyance of title to property that is given as security for the payment of a debt or the performance of a duty and that will become void upon Payment or performance according to the stipulated terms -Also termed (archaically) dead pledge.
2. A lien against property that is granted to secure an obligation(such as a debt)and that is extinguished upon payment or performance according to stipulated terms.
3. An instrument(such as a deed or contract)specifying the terms of such a transaction.
4. Loosely, the loan on which such a transaction is based.
5. The mortgagees rights conferred by such a transaction.
6. Loosely, any real-property security transaction, including a deed of trust.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Pledge
n.1、质押债务人将其动产或无形财产证书交给债权人占有,作为履行债务的担保,债务人不履行债务时,债权人可变卖质物受偿,但在变卖前债务人还可通过履行债务赎回质物。在美国,有关质押的法律大多已被《统一商法典》[U.C.C.]第九章有关担保交易[ secured transactions]的规定所替代。
2、(广义)保证;担保提供某些担保物作为履行债务的保证。
3、质物;典当物;担保物。
4、(古)(复)诉讼保证人。在普通法诉讼中,作为原告的保证人,其名字须附于起诉状[ declaration]之末。后来由于不再对提出虛假请求的原告处以罚款,即纯粹成为一种形式,一般以虚构的人名 John Doe和 Richard Roe代替,或完全省略
v.质押;出质;典当
英文释义:
1. A formal promise or undertaking.
2. The act of providing something as security for a debt or obligation.
3. A bailment or other deposit of personal property to a creditor as security for a debt or obligation; PAWN (2).
4. The item of personal property so deposited; PAWN (1).
5. The thing so provided Formerly also termed safe-pledge.
6. A security interest in personal property represented by an indispensable instrument, the interest being created by a bailment or other deposit of personal property for the purpose of securing the payment of a debt or the performance of some other duty.
7. Hist. Someone who acts as a surety for the prosecution of a lawsuit.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Lien
n.留置权;优先权。债权人在债务人特定财产上设定的一种担保权益,一般至债务清偿时止,债务人如逾期未清偿,债权人可通过变卖留置物等法定程序优先受偿。留置权与抵押权的区别在于抵押权对债的起因并不重要,抵押物可以为任何债务清偿提供担保,而留置权中的留置物只能是当事人双方交易的对象。如承揽人只能对定作加工物行使留置权。留置权可因当事人间协议或根据特定法律关系,由法律推断或规定产生,后者有普通法、衡平法和制定法上的留置权之分。在普通法上,留置权表现为债权人合法占有留置物,如承运人占有所承运的货物,在托运人未付清运费前可留置货物不给予提取,故也称“占有性留置权”[possessory lien]。占有性留置权因债权人放弃留置物的占有而丧失。衡平法和制定法上的留置权不限于留置物必须在债权人占有之下。优先权[ charging lien]即属财物不在债权人占有下,债权人请求法院就该财物具有优先受偿权。海商法中的“船舶优先权”[ maritime lien],其中有的具有占有性,有的则不在权人占有下,如船舶碰撞中对有过错船舶要求财产赔偿优先受偿权。债权人通常仅能就留置物所涉及的特定债务行使留置权,即行使特定留置权[particular lien],法律般并不支持债权人对债务人先前所欠的其它类似债务也一并行使留置权,即行使概括留置权[ general lien]。法允许的概括留置权仅存在于习惯上有此先例的某些特定行业,如律师、银行、旅馆、码头和代理商。
英文释义:
A legal right or interest that a creditor has in another's property, lasting usu. until a debt or duty that it secures is satisfied.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Hypothecation
1、(罗马法)(不转移占有的)抵押;
2、抵押契约。特指为担保债务清偿和义务履行,以特定财产作为抵押,但抵押物并不转移于债权人的契约。
英文释义:
The pledging of something as security without delivery of title or possession.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
(本文转自公众号“律蚁语言服务社”,已获授权)