抗辩,就其字面意义而言,就是抗击而辩解。法律意义上的抗辩,则是抗击对方,提出辩解与说明。一般而言,抗辩权在票据法中的运用比较广泛。
引证解释:
《明史·徐阶传》:"下儒臣议, 阶独持不可。孚敬召阶盛气诘之。阶抗辩不屈。"
Demurrer/ Plea/ Exception
Confession and avoidance
以上均为普通法上的术语,有“抗辩”的含义。
Demurrer
n.
1、诉求不充分抗辦;法律抗辦。指诉讼一方当事人承认对方主张的事实是真实的,但认为它在法律上却不足以支持其救济请求,或认为其诉状表面上仍存在某些缺陷,使得本方在法律上无义务继续推进诉讼的种抗辦。现美国联邦民事诉讼及刑事诉讼中均已不再使用这种抗形式,但在某些州仍有保留。英国则于1883年即已将之废除。
2、反对;异议。
3、停顿;退疑。
英文释义:
A pleading stating that although the facts alleged in a complaint may be true, the ley are insufficient for the plaintiff to state a claim for relief and for the defendant to frame an answer.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Plea
n.
1、答辨。
①刑事诉讼中被告人对 所受犯罪指控所作的正式回答,通常被告人可以作“认罪”、“不认罪”或不愿争辩”的答辩;
②在民事诉讼中,指在采用现代的诉讼规则之前,当事人在诉讼过程中可以使用或提出的各种具体的答辩或申请。早期普通法上民事诉讼中的答辩主要有两类:一类是延诉答辩[ dilatory plea],包括就法院的管辖权提出的答辩[ pleas to the jurisdiction],中止诉讼的答辩[ pleas in suspension](例如主张当事人未成年[infancy])和起诉不当答辩[ plea in abatement];类是绝对性答辩[ peremptory plea],包括各种表明被告对原告的起诉有实质性抗理由的终止诉讼答辦[ pleas in bar],例如被告可以作否认答[ traverse],或承认但无效的答辩[ plea in confession and avoidance]。该词已很少用于指现代民事案件中当事人的答辩。在英国, pleas已经被statement of defence替代。
2、(诉讼中提出的)事实主张;诉状。
3、(古)诉讼。
英文释义:
1. Criminal law. An accused person's formal response of “guilty ”,“not guilty”,or“no contest”to a criminal charge.
2. At common law, the defendant's responsive pleading in a civil action.
3. A factual allegation offered in a case; a pleading.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Exception
n.
1、例外;除外
2、除外的人(或物、事)
3、(对法庭命令或裁决的)反对;异议以前的诉讼中,在当事人不接受法庭作出的决定时,可通过提出异议的方式,使法庭重新审査其决定,或表明其将保留提出上诉的权利,寻求在以后的程序中推翻该决定。现在这种做法已基本被废除。
英文释义:
1. A formal objection to a court's ruling by a party who wants to preserve an overruled objection
or rejected proffer for appeal <the prosecutor stated her exception to the court's ruling disallowing the witness’s testimony>.
2. Something that is excluded from a rules operation employers with fewer than five employees are an exception to the rule.
3. The retention of an existing right or interest, by and for the grantor,in real property being granted to another.
4. The exclusion from a legal description of part of real property to prevent its conveyance to another.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Confession and avoidance
confession and avoidance承认与规避指一项答辩,首先以明示或默示方式承认被指控事实的正确性,同时提出新的事实以规避被控事实的法律后果,如原告有共同过错。
英文释义:
A plea in which a defendant admits allegations but pleads additional facts that deprive the admitted facts of an adverse legal effect.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
(本文转自公众号“律蚁语言服务社”,已获授权)