Accomplice/Abettor
Accessory/Confederate
上述单词具有共犯或从犯的含义。
其中,accomplice和confederate的含义相近,在美国,其有双重含义:一是“共犯”,指与他人一起共同实施犯罪,不论其身份是主犯或从犯;二是“从犯”,此时其主要指在策划或实施阶段,协助他人犯罪或故意不履行法定阻止义务而旨在加速或促进犯罪的实施者。因此,一个accomplice或 confederate可能但不必一定亲自作案,此时其等同accessory。abettor则指直接参与犯罪者,故其应为“共犯”,如:A look-out is an abettor in a bank robbery(银行抢劫案中的放哨者是该案的共犯)。abettor也可拼写为 abetter,其也称为 principal in the second degree(二级主犯)。相比之下,accessory则为“从犯”,与主犯( principal)相对,主要指协助重罪犯犯罪者;其分为两类,如果此种协助是在犯罪预备时进行,其也被称为 an accessory before the fact(事前从犯);如果是在罪犯之后协助罪犯脱逃,其也被称为 an accessory after the fact(事后从犯)。
Accomplice
n.
共犯(常作为共同犯罪的简称,有时包括主犯、从犯、胁从犯、教唆犯等),从犯(与主犯相区别)。
accomplice liability共犯责任
accomplice witness共犯证人(不得单凭共犯证人之证词而将同案被告人定罪)
accomplice in a robbery抢劫共犯
accomplice under duress胁从犯
英文释义:
1. Someone who is in any way involved with another in the commission of a crime, whether as a principal in the first or second degree or as an accessory.
2. Someone who knowingly, voluntarily, and intentionally unites with the principal offender in committing a crime and thereby becomes punishable for it.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Abettor
n.
教唆犯,共犯(也称为“二级主犯”,即 principal in the second degree)。
英文释义:
Someone who instigates the commission of a crime or advises and encourages others to commit it.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Accessory
n.
附属物,附件,从犯,共犯。
a.
附(从)属的,附加的;同谋的。
accessory act从(犯)行为
accessory building附属建筑物(如车库等)
accessory character从属性质(或人物)
accessory charges额外费用,附加指控
accessory civil action附带民事诉讼
accessory claim附带权利要求附带请求
accessory cause附属条款
contract附属合同,从合同(为执行主合同而缔结的合同,primary contract)
accessory debtor从属债务人
accessory law辅助性法律
accessory obligation附属义务(与首要义务相对应,指附属于主义务的义务,尤指违约赔偿义务,也称为 accessorial obligation, secondary obligation)
accessory offender从犯
accessory product副产品
accessory punishment从(或附加)刑
accessory right从权利(与主权利相对应,指在互有关联的两个民事权利中其效力受另一效力制约的权利)
accessory risk事故(或意外)保险 附加险
accessory substance副产物
accessory things从物(权)
英文释义:
1. Something of secondary or subordinate importance.
2. Criminal law. Someone who aids or contributes in the commission or concealment of a crime.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Confederate
n.
同(共)犯,同谋者,党羽,同盟者(国),联盟者。
a.
同盟的,联合的,邦联的。
confederate government邦联政府
confederate States of America美利坚邦联(1861-1865年由从联邦退出的一些南方州所组成的集团)
英文释义:
Someone who helps someone else do something, esp. something secret or illegal; esp., a coconspirator or accomplice.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
(本文转自公众号“律蚁语言服务社”,已获授权)