Approval/Approbation/Sanction/Ratify
以上单词均有批准、同意的含义。
其中,approval为通常用语,多用于指同意承担一任务等情况。sanction较approval正式,一般用于正式行文中。需要注意的是sanction同时又具有制裁的含义,故应当随时分清其用法。approbation为最正式的单词,常表示宗教意义上的权威性批准。ratify表示正式批准,签署认可,(合同的)追认,确认,主要指批准后具备某种权利或义务,一般在政治方面使用。
Approval
n.认可,赞同,核准,批准,许可
Approval sale试用买卖(一种附条件的买卖,当事人双方约定由买受人试用或者检验标的物;以买受人认可标的物为条件的买卖,也称为 sale on)
approval authority核准(或批准)权,批准机关
approval budget核定预算
approval jurisdiction批准权限
approval procedure批准程序,审核手续
Approval test鉴定试验
approval of arrest批准逮捕
approval of land use用地许可
approval of registration核准注册
Approval of the court法院批准(或核准)
approval of the legislature立法机关批准
meet with general approval获得一致同意
approval of authority经当局批准
英文释义:
1. the formal act of approving.
2. a feeling of liking something or someone good.
3. acceptance as satisfactory.
4. a message expressing a favorable opinion.
Approbation
n.认(许)可,批(核)准
Approbatio des Loix《法律御准》
英文释义:
1. The act of formally or authoritative declaring something to be proper, commendable, or good a solemn expression of favor or pleasure.
2. A favorable pronouncement on the ethical soundness of conduct.
3. Hist. A bishop's approval of a priest as confessor.
4. Hist.The official approval of a book by a censor.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Sanction
1、n. 制裁,国际制裁(指施加经济或军事压力以迫使个国家遵守国际法),实行制裁,制裁力,许可,批准,银行同意的透支额,约束力,处罚(分),刑罚(则、款),罚金。
2、v. 认可,批准,核准,许可,支持,使法律得到遵守的附加条款(如偿、罚等),制裁,授。
sanctions tort滥用证据开示惩罚(如当事人滥用证据开示程序,法官可命令滥用方向受害
方支付赔偿金。其不属于传统意义上的侵权,而是一种制裁)
sanction for contempt对藐视法庭的处罚
Sanction for discovery abuse对滥用证据开示程序的处罚
sanction of a law法律的制裁,法律的认可
Sanction of custom按惯例的制裁
sanction of expulsion开除处分
Sanction of marriage批准结婚
sanction of suspension from office暂行停职的处分
sanctioned by usage约定俗成,习惯(或使用上)认可
英文释义:
1. Official approval or authorization: solemn and final confirmation <the committee gave sanction to the proposal>.
2. A provision that gives force to a legal imperative by either rewarding obedience or punishing disobedience.
3. A penalty or coercive measure that results from failure to comply with a law, rule, or order <a sanction for discovery abuse> .
——Black’s Law Dictionary
ratify
v. 正式批准,签署认可,(合同的)追认,确认。主要指批准后具备某种权利或义务,一般在政治方面使用。
ratify a motion 批准动议,批准请求
ratify a treaty 批准条约
英文释义:
Approve and express assent, responsibility, or obligation.
(本文转自公众号“律蚁语言服务社”,已获授权)