举证责任,是指当事人对自己提出的主张有收集或提供证据的义务,并有运用该证据证明主张的案件事实成立或有利于自己的主张的责任,否则将承担其主张不能成立的危险。
Burden of proof
Burden of production
Burden of persuasion
以上词组均和当事人对证据的责任相关,以往不少人将它们都笼统译为“举证责任”,其实,在英美法中,它们原本是有一定差异的。
事实上, burden of proof应为“证明责任”(也称为Onus probandi),其包含有burden of production和burden of persuasion两术语的含义,即既“举证”,又“说服。此便是当事人必须承担的用证据证明指控或断言的真实性的责任;广义上讲,其也等同burden of persuasion。而burden of production则是“证明责任”的一部分,为“举证责任”,指当事人必须就诉争问题提供充足证据以供事实裁定人作出正确裁决,其也称为 burden of going forward with evidence, burden of producing evidence, production burden或 degree of proof。而 burden of persuasion也是“证明责任”的一部分,其为“说服责任”,指当事人应说服事实裁定人相信自己所举事实的责任,其也称为 persuasion burden、risk of non-persuasion、risk of jury doubt;广义上讲,其也可等于burden of proof。
Burden of proof
证明责任[指对有争执的事实进行肯定的证明的责任,也称为 onus probandi;其包括举证责任(Burden of production)和说服责任(Burden of persuasion),(当事人的)说服责任(等同Burden of persuasion )
英文释义:
1. A party's duty to prove a disputed assertion or charge; a proposition regarding which of two contending litigants loses when there is no evidence on a question or when the answer is simply too difficult to find.
2. Loosely, BURDEN OF PERSUASION.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Burden of production
(当事人的)举证责任(指当庭出示证据证明自己的主张的责任,也称为Burden of going forward with evidence, Burden of producing evidence, production burden , degree of proof)
英文释义:
(1893)A party's duty to introduce enough evidence on an issue to have the issue decided by the fact-finder, rather than decided against the party in a peremptory ruling such as a summary judgment or a directed verdict.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
Burden of persuasion
说服责任(为证明责任的一种,指诉讼当事人说服事实裁决人,即陪审团及法官相信自已所举事实的责任,也称为 persuasion burden, risk of nonpersuasion, risk of jury doubt)
英文释义:
(1923)A party’s duty to convince the fact-finder to view the facts in a way that favors that party.
——Black’s Law Dictionary
(本文转自公众号“律蚁语言服务社”,已获授权)