隔壁翻译菌

盆友们大家好~

叒叕叕叕叕见面啦~

本领域将涉及国际商事交易的最主要、最基本问题：商事组织、竞争、融资、会计、劳工、银行、合同等等多个方面~

本系列主要参考中国人民大学出版社《国际商事经济法律通则》一书，笔者很推荐对此方面感兴趣的盆友们阅读哦~~

本篇将介绍国际许可交易和国际投资相关相关内容~

第十七篇 国际许可交易和国际投资

01

概述

国际许可交易指一国的公司（许可人）与另一国的公司（被许可人）之间达成协议，根据协议，许可人允许被许可人使用其设计、技术、名称和商标在被许可人国内或者第三国生产和销售产品，被许可人向许可人交纳一定的使用费。该协议通常受到被许可人所在国的管制，如需要得到政府的审批并满足一定条件，另外，使用费的支付还会受制于该国外汇管制措施。

The differences between international sales, international licensing, and international investment were discussed briefly in section A of this Chapter.“Licensing of production abroad" is the term used to describe an arrangement in which a company from one country agrees to let a“licensee" in another country use the company's design, production techniques, name, and maybe trademark in producing and selling goods in the license's country. Or, in Some cases, in third Countries. Such arrangements will always be subject to government regulation in the licensees country. 

For example, such a licensing arrangement might require government approval in order to be established; the licensing contract might need to comply with certain legal requirements of the licensee's country; and the payment of fees and royalties by the licensee to the licensing company might be subject to exchange controls. The list of possible restrictions is long, and advice from lawyers in the licensee's country will almost always be necessary.

国际投资通常指“外国直接投资”，即一国（母国）的自然人或法人在他国（东道国）设立或者经营商业实体的活动。与“直接投资”相对应的是“间接投资”，后者指一国的自然人或法人对另一国的企业持股，但并不经营和控制该企业。从事国际投资的商人们必须考虑以下两点风险：

Foreign direct investment is the third main form of international business transactions. The term "foreign direct investment', tor these purposes, refers to the establishment or operation of a business entity in a host Country with the involvement ( sometimes minor, sometimes exclusive) of persons who are not nationals or the host country but instead come from a foreign country (the home Country). 

Foreign direct investment should not be confused with a portfolio investment, where an individual or other entity may purchase shares in a company formed or functioning in another country, but where that purchase buys no connection to the management and control of the foreign company.

There are several common risks that need to be considered and for which businesses must be prepared when engaging in foreign direct investment transactions:

（1）政治风险。母国政府可能对外国投资持不友好态度，认为其有损本国的经济安全和发展，从而采取一些措施来限制外国投资，甚至在某些情况下征收外国投资的有形财产和无形财产，且不给予公平、合理的补偿。此外，投资者也可能面临外国政局动荡所带来的风险。

（2）产业风险。如今的产业发展呈现国际化趋势，而各国发展水平不同，所以投资者必须综合考虑国际、国内因素，调整其在东道国的投资和经营策略。

·Political hostility —— this often originates in the “host” country from some form of ideological opposition to foreign investment. It can also originate from a sense of nationalism, where the “host”country may fear foreign domination of its economy and therefore implement certain rules, regulations, and other restrictions concerning foreign investment foreign investors must be wary of the political risks of new or existing governments that may renegotiate contracts or expropriate tangible or intangible assets and other business property without fair compensation. Foreign investors must also be wary of deterioration n the general law and order of the “host”country or development of political corruption that may pose a risk to their foreign investments and transactions.

·Changes within an industry —— due to economic industry developments that occur internationally, nationally within the“host”country, or nationally within the“home” country, foreign investors may need to renegotiate and reorganize their transactions in the host country.

目前最重要的调整国际投资的多边规则是《解决国家与他国国民之间投资争端的公约》（Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States， 简称《华盛顿公约）》，根据该公约，世界银行发起建立了“解决投资争端国际中心”，该中心旨在为私人投资者提供个解决与东道国之间因投资产生的法律争端的场所，这增强了投资者投资的信心。该中心的作用不仅限于能够提供中立、权威和公平的裁决，也体现在通过争端解决的裁判建立起了一套多边投资标准。另一个由世界银行发起建立的组织是多边投资担保机构，其成立的基础是1985年《建立多边担保机构公约》（Convention Establishing the Mulilateral Investment Guarantee Agency，简称《汉城公约》）。多边投资担保机构通过提供各种针对投资风险的保险措施来促进投资。世界银行的大多数成员都参加了上述两个机构。

02

规范投资的法律问题

怀疑是因为经验表明外国投资与国家安全息息相关。为了保护本国的特定利益，如自然资源、环境、文化，近年来各国都制定了外国投资法，试图在投资自由化和维护本国利益之间寻求平衡，这些投资法中一般都包括以下措施：

（1）以“禁止性清单”、“限制性清单”和“鼓励性清单”的方式规定外国投资者的准人。比如军工业和国内运输业通常是禁止外资进人行业；石油开发通常属于限制性进入行业，即限制外资所占比例：其他特别需要外资的行业就会被列人“鼓励性清单”。

（2）对外国投资者的行为进行管理。环境规则、卫生安全规则、反欺诈规则、银行规则、反垄断规则等都可以对外国投资者在东道国的行为发挥规制作用。

（3）保证投资资本和利润的转移，同时列举出国有化或征收投资财产的情形。

（4）对东道国利益有关的外国投资进行鼓励，包括财政鼓励，如减免税费。一些国家建立了经济特区，外国投资者在特区内享受特别的财税政策；还有的国家建立免费港口供外商装运货物使用；也有的国家建立特定出口区域，在这些区域内货物出口不必缴纳关税。

·regulating the entry of foreign investors by establishing a set of “negative lists”“restricted lists”and “promotion lists”;

·relying on existing laws, instead of the foreign investment law, as the principal means of regulating the operation of foreign investors;

·incorporating some basic multinational rules or guidelines on treatment of foreign investors;

·offering incentives to investors or investments that are of special interest to the host country. These include, in addition to ordinary financial incentives.

（本文转自公众号“律蚁语言服务社”，已获授权）