damage 常译为：损害;伤害;破坏;损失

指因过失[ negligence]、故意[design]或意外事故[ accident ]而非法侵害他人人身、财产等合法权益所形成的损失或伤害。

其复数形式“damages”则意指损害赔偿金、损害赔偿额。

指一方当事人因不履行或不完全履行契约义务或因侵权给对方当事人

 

例  Subject to clauses 10.2 and 10.3 and to such extent as permitted by applicable law, we will not be liable under the contract between us or otherwise for any loss of income, loss of profits, loss of contracts, loss of data or for any indirect or consequential loss or damage of any kind howsoever arising or for any damage caused by any product or failure of such product to perform and whether caused by tort (including negligence), breach of contract or otherwise.

【参考译文】 在条款10.2 和10.3 的规限下及在适用法律允许的情况下，对于因任何货品或该货品失效(不论是否因侵权(包括疏忽)、违约或其他因素)而引致的任何收益损失、盈利损失、合约损失、数据丢失或由此引致的任何间接或连带损失或损害，我们将不会承担经由我们双方签订的合约或其他合约下的责任。

 

例 The mandate of the Commission is to decide through binding arbitration all claims for loss, damage or injury by one Government against the other, and by nationals (including both natural and juridical persons) of one party against the Government of the other party or entities owned or controlled by the other party that are (a) related to the conflict that was the subject of the Framework Agreement, the Modalities for its Implementation and the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement, and (b) result from violations of international humanitarian law, including the 1949 Geneva Conventions, or other violations of international law.

【参考译文】该委员会的任务是通过有约束力的仲裁，决定一国政府对另一国政府以及一方的国民(包括自然人和法人)对另一方的政府或者另一方拥有或控制的实体提出的下列两类所有损失、损害或伤害索偿要求：(a) 与作为《框架协定及其执行方式》和《停止敌对行动协定》主体的冲突有关；(b) 因为违反包括1949年日内瓦四公约在内的国际人道主义法，或者其他违反国际法的行为。

 

此句，loss, damage和 injury三者并列，译为“损失、损害或伤害”，因法律语言的严谨性，此类现象在法律英语中是极其常见的现象；经常并列的词还有“right，title and interests”，通常译为“权利、所有权及权益”；“power，authority and capacity”通常译为“权力、授权和能力”等。

 

另，法律英语初学者还可能会纠结于damage和injury三者的区别，笔者此处作简单说明：

 

damage和injury均指对人身或财产造成的损失或伤害，但他们之间也有细微的区别：damage多指实际所受的损失或损害，injury多指出于赔偿目的对实际伤害或损害进行的测定估算，现在也经常互换使用，在法律英语文件中多以并列形式出现。

 

再来看damage的复数形式“damages”。damages常译为损害赔偿金、损害赔偿额。

 

damages的种类有很多，常见的有compensatory damages, punitive damages和nominal damages。

 

compensatory damages为“补偿性赔偿金”,指根据实际损失的多少予以的赔偿;

punitive damages为“惩罚性赔偿金”，指因过错人所犯过失恶劣等故而处的超香出实际损失数量之赔偿，一般用于侵权而很少用于违约之诉，惩罚性损害赔偿金有时也指非金钱性赔偿，如要求合同的实际履行以及要求赔礼道歉等;

nominal damages为“象征性赔偿金”，指证明被告有过错但却无法证明实际损失时所处的数额很少的一种赔偿金。

 

 

例  Subject to any provision to the contrary in these Bye-laws the Members may, at any general meeting convened and held in accordance with these Bye-laws, by ordinary resolution remove a Director at any time before the expiration of his period of office notwithstanding anything in these Bye-laws or in any agreement between the Company and such Director (but without prejudice to any claim for damages under any such agreement) provided that the notice of any such meeting convened for the purpose of removing a Director shall contain a statement of the intention so to do and be served on such Director fourteen (14) days before the meeting and at such meeting such Director shall be entitled to be heard on the motion for his removal.

【参考译文】除本章程细则有任何相反的规定，股东在根据本章程细则召开的股东大会上可以通过普通决议案在某一董事任期届满之前罢免该董事，不管本章程细则中或本公司与该董事之间的协议如何规定(但不得影响该董事根据所述协议向本公司提出的任何损害索偿)，惟为了罢免董事而召开的该等大会的通知应当包含一份关于罢免该董事的意向声明，并且将通知在大会召开之前前十四(14)天送达该董事，同时在该大会上该董事应有权就罢免动议发言。

 

需要注意的是，一些文件中damages和damage并没有很清晰的界限，一些译文也会将damages译为“损害”等。

 

例  If you breach or we have reasonable ground to believe that you have breached these Terms and Conditions, the Conditions of Issue and/or any applicable terms and conditions of any new services mentioned in Clause 9 above, we may suspend or terminate your Membership Octopus, forfeit your Benefits including Reward$ and seek to recover any damages that your breach may have caused to us, OCL and/or Our Partners.

【参考译文】如果贵方违反或本公司有理由相信贵方违反此等条款及细则、八达通发卡条款及/或任何适用于上述第9 条列明之新服务的条款及细则，本公司会暂停或终止贵方的会籍，取消包括日日赏$在内的奖赏，并采取行动要求补偿任何因贵方的违反行为而可能导致本公司、八达通卡有限公司及／或参与商户所造成的任何损害。

 

参考

《元照英美法词典》

《英汉法律用语大辞典》（第2版）

https://www.linguee.com/english-chinese/search?source=auto&query=damage

https://www.linguee.com/english-chinese/search?source=auto&query=damages