By WILL KENTON

Reviewed By MARGARET JAMES 

编写人：WILL KENTON

审核人：MARGARET JAMES

What Is a Minority Interest?

什么是少数股东权益？

A minority interest refers to a stake in a company that is otherwise controlled by a parent company. This usually occurs in subsidiaries where the parent company owns more than 50% of the voting shares. Minority interests generally come with some rights for the stakeholder such as participation in sales and certain audit rights.

少数股东权益是指持有的由母公司所控制的公司股权。这种情况通常发生在母公司持有50%以上表决权的子公司中。少数股东权益通常赋予股东某些权利，比如，参与销售权和特定的审计权。

Minority interests are also referred to as non-controlling interests. Under U.S. GAAP, non-controlling interests are listed on the equity section of the parent company's consolidated balance sheet, but separate from the parent company's equity. This represents the proportion of the subsidiary owned by minority shareholders.

少数股东权益也称为非控股权益。根据美国通用会计准则的规定，非控股权益列于母公司合并资产负债表的权益部分，但是与母公司的权益分开，以表示少数股东持有的子公司比例。

KEY TAKEAWAYS

关键要点

· A minority interest is a stake in a company that is controlled by a larger parent company.

少数股东权益是指持有的由大型母公司控制的公司股权。

· Minority interests generally range between 20% and 30% of the company's equity, compared to the majority interest of over 50%.

少数股权通常占公司股权的20%到30%之间，而多数股权则达到50%以上。

· The term "non-controlling interest" is used as a synonym for minority interest, but also reflects situations where a controlling entity might not have majority ownership.

“非控股权益”一词被用作少数股东权益的同义词，但也反映控股实体可能不拥有多数股权的情况。

· Parent companies will list the minority interests in their subsidiaries in the equity section of their consolidated balance sheet.

母公司将其子公司的少数股东权益列于其合并资产负债表的权益部分。

· Although minority interests cannot outvote the parent company, they do have some rights, such as audit rights.

虽然少数股东的表决权无法超过母公司，但是他们确实拥有一些权利，比如审计权。

Understanding Minority Interests

了解少数股东权益

Minority interests usually refer to the portion of a company or stock not held by the parent company, which holds the majority interest. Most minority interests range between 20% and 30%.少数股东权益通常指公司或股份未被母公司（拥有多数股权）持有的部分。大多数少数股权范围为20%-30%。

While the majority stakeholder—in most cases, the parent company—has voting rights to set policy and procedures, the minority stakeholders generally have very little say or influence in the direction of the company. That's why they are also referred to as non-controlling interests (NCIs).

多数股东（大多数情况下，即母公司）在制定政策和规程方面享有表决权，而少数股东在公司发展方向方面的发言权或影响力很小。因此，少数股东权益也被称为非控股权益（NCI）。

In some cases, a minority may have some rights such as the ability to take part in sales. There are laws that also entitle minority interest holders to certain audit rights. They also may be able to attend shareholder or partnership meetings.

在某些情况下，少数股东可能享有某些权利，如参与销售权。法律也允许少数权益持有者享有某些审计权。他们也可以参加股东大会或合伙人会议。

In the world of private equity, companies and investors with a minority interest may be able to negotiate control rights. For example, venture capitalists may ask to negotiate for a seat on the board of directors in exchange for their investment in a startup.

对于私募股权而言，拥有少数股东权益的公司和投资者或许可以就控制权进行商议。比如，风险投资者可以要求针对以其对初创公司的投资换取董事会席位等问题进行交涉。

In the corporate world, a corporation lists minority ownership on its balance sheet. In addition to being reflected on the balance sheet, a minority interest is reported on the consolidated income statement as a share of profit belonging to minority equity holders.

对于企业而言，公司会在资产负债表上列示少数股东权益。此外，合并损益表也会列示少数股东权益，作为少数股权持有者的利润份额。

Important: The consolidated income statement must have a clear distinction between the net income from the parent company and that of the minority interest.

重要提示：合并损益表必须明确区分母公司和少数股东权益的净利润。

Example of Minority Interest

少数股东权益示例

ABC Corporation owns 90% of XYZ Inc., which is a $100 million company. In its consolidated balance sheet, ABC will record its $90 million shares in XYZ, as well as the $10 million non-controlling interest to represent the shares of XYZ that ABC does not own.

ABC公司拥有XYZ公司（市值达1亿美元）90%的股权。ABC公司会将其持有的XYZ公司9千万美元股权和1千万美元非控股权益（用以表示其未持有XYZ公司的股权）记于其合并资产负债表上。

XYZ Inc. generates $10 million in net income. As a result, ABC recognizes $1 million—or 10% of $10 million—of net income attributable to minority interest on its income statement. Correspondingly, ABC marks up the $10 million minority interest by $1 million on the balance sheet. The minority interest investors do not record anything unless they receive dividends, which are booked as income.

XYZ公司产生了1千万美元的净利润。因此，ABC公司在其损益表中确认归属于少数股东权益的净利润为1百万美元（即1千万美元的10%）。相应地，ABC公司在其资产负债表中将少数股东权益记为1百万美元。少数投资者无需记账，除非获得股利（记为收益）。

Types of Minority Interests

少数股东权益的类型

A minority interest can either be passive or active. Passive minority interests are those where a minority shareholder owns less than 20% of the equity in a subsidiary company, giving them no material influence on the company's decisions.

少数股东权益可以是也可以是主动型。被动型少数股东权益是指少数股东持有的子公司股权低于20%，该等少数股东不会对公司决策产生重大影响。

In accounting terms, only the dividends received from the minority interest are recorded for those with minority passive interests. This is referred to as the cost method—the ownership stake is treated as an investment at cost, and any dividends received are treated as dividend income.

在会计方面，就被动型少数股东权益而言，只记录从少数股东权益中获得的股利。这称为成本法——股权被视为按成本计算的投资，获得的任何股利被视为股利收入。

Active minority interests—owning 21% to 49%—are when a minority shareholder can materially influence the company where it holds a minority interest. Unlike passive interests, dividends received and a percentage of income are recorded for those with active minority interests. This is referred to as the equity method.

主动型少数股东权益，即持有21%到49%股权，在此情况下，少数股东能够对其持有少数股东权益的公司产生重大影响。与被动型少数股东权益不同的是，就主动型少数股东权益而言，会记录收到的股利和收益百分比。这称为权益法。

Dividends are treated as a return on capital, decreasing the value of the investment on the balance sheet. The percentage of income attributable to the minority interest is added to the investment account on the balance sheet as this effectively increases its equity share in the company.

股利被视为资本收益，资产负债表上的投资价值减少。归属于少数股东权益的收益百分比添加至资产负债表上的投资账户，有效增加其在公司的股权分额。

Special considerations

注意事项

The most common examples of minority interests occur in subsidiaries where a parent company holds over 50% of voting shares. However, it is also possible for a parent company to exert a controlling interest without a majority stake. This may be the case with variable interest entities that exert control through a contractual obligation rather than ownership.

少数股东权益常见于母公司持有其50%以上有表决权股份的子公司。但是，母公司也可以在不持有多数股权的情况下行使控股权，比如可变利益实体，通过合约义务并非所有权实施控制。

Regardless of the type of control, a parent company consolidates the financial results of the subsidiary with its own. As a result, a proportional share of income shows up on the parent company's income statement attributable to the minority interest. Likewise, a proportional share of equity in the subsidiary company shows up on the parent's balance sheet attributable to the minority interest.

无论是哪种控制形式，母公司都会将子公司的财务业绩与其自身的财务业绩合并。因此，母公司的损益表会列示归属于少数股东权益的一定比例的损益份额。同样，母公司的资产负债表会列示归属于少数股东权益的一定比例的子公司股权份额。

Prior to 2008, minority interest could be reported as either equity or a noncurrent liability under the rules of U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). This ambiguity was later eliminated by a requirement to report minority interests with the parent company's equity. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) also require that minority interest must be recorded in the equity section of the balance sheet.

2008年之前，根据美国通用会计准则的规定，少数股东权益可被记为权益或非流动负债。后来，要求将少数股东权益与母公司权益一起报告，从而消除了歧义。此外，国际财务报告准则要求，少数股东权益必须列于资产负债表的权益部分。