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法律英语词义辨析：Privilege & Right
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在法律文件中，privilege 与right 两者都可以表示权利都意思，但是二者还是存在许多细微的差别。
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布莱克法律词典释义：Privilege
A special legal right, exemption, or immunity granted to a person or class of persons; an exception to a duty.
（赋予某人或某一类人的特殊的法律权利、义务免除或豁免权；免除义务。）
A privilege grants someone the legal freedom to do or not to do a given act. It immunizes conduct that, under ordinary circumstances, would subject the actor to liability.
（特权授予某人做为或不做为某一特定行为的合法自由。它豁免了在一般情况下使行为人承担责任的行为。）
布莱克法律词典释义：Right
right,n.
1. That which is proper under law, morality, or ethics <know right from wrong>.
2.Something that is due to a person by just claim, legal guarantee, or moral principle <the right of liberty>.
3. A power, privilege, or immunity secured to a person by law <the right to dispose of one's estate>.
4. A legally enforceable claim that another will do or will not do a given act; a recognized and protected interest the violation of which is a wrong <a breach of duty that infringes one's right>.
5. (often pl.) The interest, claim, or ownership that one has in tangible or intangible property <a debtor's rights in collateral> <publishing rights>.
6. The privilege of corporate shareholders to purchase newly issued securities in amounts proportionate to their holdings.
7. The negotiable certificate granting such a privilege to a corporate shareholder.
从释义上我们大致可以清楚， "Privilege" 是 "Right" 该属概念下的一个种概念。
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Privilege有两个特质，使其明显区别于普通的Right：
1.“Exemption, or Immunity”
Right通常理解都是某人有权做某事。
而对于Privilege，其通常表示为某人可免除做某事的义务。A privilege is generally an entitlement to be immune from having to do something.
2. “Right granted to a person or class of persons”
right通常来源于自然法之中，是人之为人所固有的权利。“Something inherent, fundamental and arising from notions of natural or God-given law.”例如“civil right and human right”这些权利不因种族、性别、身体状况等的影响，一视同仁。
而Privilege通常是来源于有权机关（例如，Legislative Body or a Court）对某人（群）（组织）的授予（Grant）。“A privilege is generally a legally-created entitlement.”
2
Privilege有两个特质，使其明显区别于普通的Right：
1.“Exemption, or Immunity”
Right通常理解都是某人有权做某事。
而对于Privilege，其通常表示为某人可免除做某事的义务。A privilege is generally an entitlement to be immune from having to do something.
2. “Right granted to a person or class of persons”
right通常来源于自然法之中，是人之为人所固有的权利。“Something inherent, fundamental and arising from notions of natural or God-given law.”例如“civil right and human right”这些权利不因种族、性别、身体状况等的影响，一视同仁。
而Privilege通常是来源于有权机关（例如，Legislative Body or a Court）对某人（群）（组织）的授予（Grant）。“A privilege is generally a legally-created entitlement.”
下面是一些Privilege的例子,以帮助大家更好地理解：
1. “You have the right to remain silent.”
这句话来自于美国宪法的第五次修正案，其体现的是犯罪嫌疑人被免除自证其罪的义务（spare a citizen from incriminating himself）。
该权利被普遍认为是一项国家层面的政策抉择，并非是固有人权。
1. “You have the right to remain silent.”
这句话来自于美国宪法的第五次修正案，其体现的是犯罪嫌疑人被免除自证其罪的义务（spare a citizen from incriminating himself）。
该权利被普遍认为是一项国家层面的政策抉择，并非是固有人权。
2. “Attorney-client privilege”
“Attorney–client privilege is a US-American legal concept that protects certain communications between a client and their attorney and prevents the attorney from being compelled to testify to those communications in court.”
律师-客户守密特权：在证据法上，指客户拒绝披露及阻止他人披露其与律师之间为获得或提供法律咨询或帮助而作的秘密交流的特权。尽管该项特权由客户享有，但他也准许律师拒绝就其从客户那里得知的信息作证。客户可以放弃该项特权。
“Attorney–client privilege is a US-American legal concept that protects certain communications between a client and their attorney and prevents the attorney from being compelled to testify to those communications in court.”
律师-客户守密特权：在证据法上，指客户拒绝披露及阻止他人披露其与律师之间为获得或提供法律咨询或帮助而作的秘密交流的特权。尽管该项特权由客户享有，但他也准许律师拒绝就其从客户那里得知的信息作证。客户可以放弃该项特权。
3. “Priest-penitent privilege”
“A priest (or imam or rabbi, etc.) need not divulge confidential conversation with his parishioner.”
神父-忏悔者守密特权：指不得要求神父将忏悔者的忏悔内容作为证言提供。几乎美国各州的法律都有该项规定。
总的来说，Privilege译为“特权”，是Right（“权利”）的一种。
“A priest (or imam or rabbi, etc.) need not divulge confidential conversation with his parishioner.”
神父-忏悔者守密特权：指不得要求神父将忏悔者的忏悔内容作为证言提供。几乎美国各州的法律都有该项规定。
总的来说，Privilege译为“特权”，是Right（“权利”）的一种。
发布于 2022-03-29 14:54:38
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