Breach、infringe、violation这三个词都可以用在法律英语中,表达“违反、侵犯”的意思,但三者表示侵犯的具体对象和使用的语境有所不同,以下做具体介绍:
Breach,通常用于表示违反【合同、协议、法规。承诺】等,如:a breach of contract/copyright/warranty 违犯合同/违约;侵犯版权;违反保证,They are in breach of Article 119. 他们违犯了第119条。The congressman was accused of a breach of secrecy rules. 这个国会议员被指控违反保密条例。
Infringe,主要用于表达侵犯【人身权益】或【知识产权】等无形资产(intangible assets),所谓无形资产是指没有实物形态的可辨认非货币性资产。无形资产具有广义和狭义之分,广义的无形资产包括金融资产、长期股权投资、专利权、商标权等,因为它们没有物质实体,而是表现为某种法定权利或技术。但是,会计上通常将无形资产作狭义的理解,即将专利权、商标权等称为无形资产。如infringe the intellectual property,侵犯知识产权,infringing copyright侵犯版权, infringe civil liberties侵犯公民自由,infringed on private affairs侵犯隐私。
Violation,表示严重侵犯【他人的权利】或违反【法律法规】等,程度较重,如violate the criminal law违反刑法规定,violate international law 违反国际法。To deprive the boy of his education is a violation of state law. 剥夺这个男孩的受教育权是一种违反州法律的行为。
对应的双语参考例句:
①Any person who, without lawful excuse or the authority of the Corporation or its officials is on any bus or vehicle of the North-west Railway or on any part of the railway premises or who otherwise being in breach of this Bylaw refuses to leave the same on being requested so to do by any official may be immediately removed therefrom without prejudice to any penalty or surcharge which may be imposed in accordance with this Bylaw.
任何人如没有合法辩解或没有获得公司或其人员特准而处于任何巴士西北铁路车辆或铁路处所的任何部分,或违反本附例,在任何人员要求其离开该等地方时拒绝离开,即可被立即移离该等地方,而不损害按照本附例可予施加的任何处罚或附加费。
②They benefit from the high cost of litigation by demanding license fees that are less than the cost of litigation, hoping that people will pay even if they don’t infringe, or, if they do infringe, it will be too costly to change the product.
他们还受益于高昂的诉讼费,方法是要求少于诉讼费的专利许可费,同时希望使用者即使不侵犯专利权也会付费给他们,而假若使用者侵犯了专利权,改变产品的费用又过于昂贵。
③The eight principles are: that the State party bears responsibility for the military and security activities of PMSCs registered or operating in their jurisdiction, respect for the rule of law by PMSCs, respect of State sovereignty by PMSCs, the State party’s obligation to prohibit PMSCs from directly participating in hostilities, terrorist acts and military actions in violation of international law, the prohibition on outsourcing inherently State functions to PMSCs, including the use of certain weapons of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering and the prohibition on PMSCs and their personnel with regard to illegally acquiring, possessing or trafficking in arms and ammunitions.
这八项原则是:缔约国对于在其管辖下登记或开展业务的私营军保公司的军事和安全活动负有责任;私营军保公司应尊重法治;私营军保公司要尊重国家主权;缔约国有义务禁止私营军保公司直接参与敌对状态、恐怖主义行为和违反国际法的军事行动;禁止将国家的固有职能外包给私营军保公司,包括使用某些具有过度或过分伤害性的武器;禁止私营军保公司及其人员非法取得、占有或贩运武器和弹药。
Breach、infringe、violation这三个词都可以用在法律英语中,表达“违反、侵犯”的意思,但三者表示侵犯的具体对象和使用的语境有所不同,以下做具体介绍:
Breach,通常用于表示违反【合同、协议、法规。承诺】等,如:a breach of contract/copyright/warranty 违犯合同/违约;侵犯版权;违反保证,They are in breach of Article 119. 他们违犯了第119条。The congressman was accused of a breach of secrecy rules. 这个国会议员被指控违反保密条例。
Infringe,主要用于表达侵犯【人身权益】或【知识产权】等无形资产(intangible assets),所谓无形资产是指没有实物形态的可辨认非货币性资产。无形资产具有广义和狭义之分,广义的无形资产包括金融资产、长期股权投资、专利权、商标权等,因为它们没有物质实体,而是表现为某种法定权利或技术。但是,会计上通常将无形资产作狭义的理解,即将专利权、商标权等称为无形资产。如infringe the intellectual property,侵犯知识产权,infringing copyright侵犯版权, infringe civil liberties侵犯公民自由,infringed on private affairs侵犯隐私。
Violation,表示严重侵犯【他人的权利】或违反【法律法规】等,程度较重,如violate the criminal law违反刑法规定,violate international law 违反国际法。To deprive the boy of his education is a violation of state law. 剥夺这个男孩的受教育权是一种违反州法律的行为。
对应的双语参考例句:
①Any person who, without lawful excuse or the authority of the Corporation or its officials is on any bus or vehicle of the North-west Railway or on any part of the railway premises or who otherwise being in breach of this Bylaw refuses to leave the same on being requested so to do by any official may be immediately removed therefrom without prejudice to any penalty or surcharge which may be imposed in accordance with this Bylaw.
任何人如没有合法辩解或没有获得公司或其人员特准而处于任何巴士西北铁路车辆或铁路处所的任何部分,或违反本附例,在任何人员要求其离开该等地方时拒绝离开,即可被立即移离该等地方,而不损害按照本附例可予施加的任何处罚或附加费。
②They benefit from the high cost of litigation by demanding license fees that are less than the cost of litigation, hoping that people will pay even if they don’t infringe, or, if they do infringe, it will be too costly to change the product.
他们还受益于高昂的诉讼费,方法是要求少于诉讼费的专利许可费,同时希望使用者即使不侵犯专利权也会付费给他们,而假若使用者侵犯了专利权,改变产品的费用又过于昂贵。
③The eight principles are: that the State party bears responsibility for the military and security activities of PMSCs registered or operating in their jurisdiction, respect for the rule of law by PMSCs, respect of State sovereignty by PMSCs, the State party’s obligation to prohibit PMSCs from directly participating in hostilities, terrorist acts and military actions in violation of international law, the prohibition on outsourcing inherently State functions to PMSCs, including the use of certain weapons of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering and the prohibition on PMSCs and their personnel with regard to illegally acquiring, possessing or trafficking in arms and ammunitions.
这八项原则是:缔约国对于在其管辖下登记或开展业务的私营军保公司的军事和安全活动负有责任;私营军保公司应尊重法治;私营军保公司要尊重国家主权;缔约国有义务禁止私营军保公司直接参与敌对状态、恐怖主义行为和违反国际法的军事行动;禁止将国家的固有职能外包给私营军保公司,包括使用某些具有过度或过分伤害性的武器;禁止私营军保公司及其人员非法取得、占有或贩运武器和弹药。