在法律英语中,Bankrupt和insolvent两个词都可以指“破产,资不抵债”,但是二者的破产的主体和使用语境有所不同。以下做具体介绍:
Bankrupt,可以指公司的的破产,也可以指个人破产。
在指公司等单位破产时,和个人(股东)没有关系,公司破产后一般不会对股东有影响,公司破产时,以其全部财产对公司的债务承担责任。根据《公司法》第三条,公司是企业法人,有独立的法人财产,享有法人财产权。公司以其全部财产对公司的债务承担责任。有限责任公司的股东以其认缴的出资额为限对公司承担责任;此外,如果公司股东滥用公司法人独立地位和股东有限责任,逃避债务,严重损害公司债权人利益的,应当对公司债务承担连带责任。
个人破产(Personal bankruptcy)制度发端于古罗马时期,在中世纪时的意大利与英国得到较大发展。1978年,美国破产法将消费者破产纳入其中。个人破产已成为现代破产法不可分离的一部分。个人破产法,是指作为债务人的自然人不能清偿其到期债务时,由法院依法宣告其破产,并对其财产进行清算和分配或者进行债务调整,对其债务进行豁免以及确定当事人在破产过程中的权利义务关系的法律规范。
Insolvent一般只指公司等单位破产,而不指个人破产(Personal bankruptcy)。当insolvent作名词用时,指的就是“无力偿还债务者,破产者”。
参考双语例句:
That this Panel requests the Administration to relax the current restriction on past recipients of ‘housing benefits’ from the Government to apply for public rental housing (PRH) for life after selling their flats, so that past recipients of ‘housing benefits’ from the Government who meet the income and asset limits for the Waiting List may apply for PRH two years after the sale of their flats, and in the case of those who face the special circumstances as cited by the Housing Department, including bankruptcy, receipt of the Comprehensive Social Security Assistance, adverse changes in family conditions as well as medical problems in the family or personal problems, they should be allowed to apply for PRH immediately after the sale of their flats.
本委员会要求政府当局放宽现行对曾领取政府房屋福利人士在出售物业后终生不能申请出租公屋的限制,让曾领取政府房屋福利的人士,在出售物业后两年,若符合轮候册的入息及资产限额,便可申请出租公屋,而房屋署列举的特殊情况,包括破产领取综援家庭环境逆转及家庭面对健康或个人问题的人士,在出售物业后,则可即时申请出租公屋。
While the Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau will not pursue the recommendation to merge corporate insolvency legislation with personal bankruptcy legislation on grounds that there is no clear benefit or market demand, other policy and technical issues will be revisited in the context of the Phase II Companies Ordinance Rewrite exercise.
将法团无力偿债法例与个人破产法例合并的建议,由于没有明显好处,市场亦没有相关要求,财经事务及库务局不会采纳该建议。
Some others considered that since one of the major safeguards mentioned in the consultation document, i.e. the duty on directors to prevent insolvent trading had yet to be enacted, it would be premature to abolish the restrictions in respect of private companies altogether at this stage.
另有回应者认为,由于咨询文件所述的其中一项的主要保障措施,即有关董事应防止公司在无力偿债情况下营商的责任,仍未制定成法例,在此阶段完全废除对私人公司有关限制为时尚早。