隔壁翻译菌
盆友们大家好~
叕叕见面啦~
本领域将涉及国际商事交易的最主要、最基本问题:商事组织、竞争、融资、会计、劳工、银行、合同等等多个方面~
本系列主要参考中国人民大学出版社《国际商事经济法律通则》一书,笔者很推荐对此方面感兴趣的盆友们阅读哦~~
本篇将介绍商事争议解决的相关内容。
第七篇 商事争议解决
PART 1
法律、法院地与程序的选择
01
法律的选择
国际上总的发展趋势是准许当事人选择支配他们之间的合同的使用法律规则的更大的自由。有些国家要求其境内的合同必须适用当地的法律。
02
法院地或者裁判地的选择
这是指争议提交的法院或者其他裁判机构。
This refers to the court or other adjudicative body to which ant dispute is to be submitted.
国内买卖合同(不涉及跨国买卖或者运输的合同)并不要求特别指定的法院地,除非双方当事人位于一个国家的不同地区,且他们事先希望将事后可能发生的争议提交特定的法院(在法院规则允许的情况下)。
Contracts for a domestic sale (that is, a sale not involving shipment of goods across borders) usually require no specific designation of the forum, unless perhaps the two parties are located in different parts of the country and wish to specify in advance (and are permitted under court rules to so specify) which particular court should hear any dispute that arises later between them.
03
(alternative dispute resolution, ADR)
在买卖合同中,选择性争议解决方法包括:
(1)商事仲裁(arbitration);
(2)调解(conciliation);
(3)调停(mediation);
(4)协商(negotiation)。
1
仲裁
这一程序类似于公共的、正式的诉讼,但是在诉讼系统之外的程序,当事人可以更多地参与,比如指定仲裁员、仲裁员在决定双方当事人的权利与义务时应当适用的规则、仲裁员作出或者宣布裁决的程序(包括期限)、仲裁所使用的语文、进行仲裁程序的地点等。
Arbitration: a procedure that is similar to public, formal litigation (through the state-supplied court system) but that is handled largely outside that system and that therefore is subject to much greater input by the parties as to the identity of the arbitrators, the rules those arbitrators should use in determining the rights and responsibilities of the parties, the procedures (including time limits) that the arbitrators should follow in coming to a decision and announcing it, and the language and location of the arbitral proceedings.
2
调解
这一程序较之仲裁与诉讼更加随意。通常由调解员参与争议的解决,他负责对双方当事人的对争议所持的主张进行审议后提出解决争议的方案,此项方案的重点不在于指责哪一方,而是在于修补争议给双方当事人带来的损失或者继续进行商业往来可能产生的威胁。
Conciliation: a procedure that is more informal than either arbitration or litigation and that involves a person (a conciliator) who reviews the claims of both the parties to a dispute and offers solutions that will not focus principally .
3
调停
调停人作为当事人之间的中间人的程序。他可以理解争议双方的观点,也许可以达成妥协,但是能否达成妥协主要还是取决于双方当事人,而不是他们的中间人。
Mediation: a "go-between" procedure in which a person (a mediator) acts as a vehicle for communications between the parties so that their differing views.
4
协商
争议双方当事人直接进行谈判,没有调停人、调解员、仲裁员或者其他局外人参与的程序。期待着商事决策人员可以在没有任何正式或者外来干预的情况下自行解决他们之间的争议。
Negotiation: direct discussions between the parties, without involvement of a mediator, conciliator, arbitrator, or any other outside persons with the hope that the business decision-makers can resolve the dispute without any formal or external proceedings.
许多商事合同将上述一种以上的争议解决方法写入合同之中。
PART 2
商事仲裁
一个重要的问题是:为什么近年来仲裁解决争议不仅在国际商事交易中收到欢迎,而且在国内交易中也收到青睐?其中的关键在于:第一,与诉讼相比,在许多案件中,仲裁的启动更加快捷,结案也比较迅速。第二,受理案件的仲裁员往往对争议的标的具有专门的知识。第三,仲裁可以是中立的。第四,法院越来越乐于执行仲裁裁决。
现代仲裁法的一个典型特点是确保商事仲裁程序作为替代地方法院解决争议的一种选择性的方法的效力。地方法院应当:
满足当事人通过仲裁的方法解决他们之间的争议的意思(法院应当强制执行当事人之间的仲裁协议);
(i) should honor the intention of the parties to a commercial transaction to designate arbitration rather than litigation as the method for settling disputes (that is, the courts should enforce the agreement to arbitrate);
满足当事人约定的进行仲裁程序的特定规则;
(ii) should, more specifically, also honor the intention of the parties to prescribe whatever specific rules they want regarding the conduct of the arbitration, including the rules of procedure, the substantive rules, the place of arbitration, and so forth;
协助仲裁员收集仲裁员认为必要的证据;
(iii) should assist the arbitrators with the gathering of any evidence the arbitrators consider necessary;
不应当对仲裁员的决定重新作出评估;
(iv) should not undertake an independent assessment of the arbitrators’ decision; and
执行仲裁员作出的临时性保全措施的决定或者裁决
(v) should enforce any interim order or final award made by the arbitrators.
PART 3
中国有关商事争议解决的法律制度
1
中国涉外商事争议的含义
中国涉外商事争议,也可以称国际商事争议,主要指具有外国因素(foreign element)的商事争议,通常指在构成商事法律关系三要素(主体、客体、内容)中,有一个或一个以上的因素为外国因素。
2
法律、法院和程序的选择
除了我国法律另有规定者外,涉外商事交易的当事人可以选择在外国法院涉诉或者选择使用外国法律。
按照我国现行民事诉讼法第34条的规定,属于我国法院专属管辖的包括:
1
因不动产纠纷提起的诉讼,由不动产所在地人民法院管辖;
(i) A lawsuit brought for real estate shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the real estate is located;
2
因港口作业中发生纠纷提起的诉讼,由港口所在地人民法院管辖;
(ii) A lawsuit concerning harbor operations shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the harbor is located; and
3
因继承遗产纠纷提起的诉讼,由被继承人死亡时住所地或者主要遗产所在地人民法院管辖。
(iii) A lawsuit concerning an inheritance shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the decedent had his domicile upon his death, or where the principal portion of his estate is located.
3
中国涉外商事争议解决方法
1
协商或者调解的方法
当争议发生后,在绝大多数情况下,当事人可以在没有第三者介入的情况下,通过自行协商和谈判的方法,本着互谅互让的原则,自行达成和解,进而使他们之间的争议得到解决。
2
司法诉讼的方法
在涉外商事争议发生后,如果通过平等协商或者第三者调解的方法不能使争议得到解决,任何一方都可以将争议提交有管辖权的法院解决。
3
仲裁的方法
仲裁是当事人共同约定的自愿解决争议的方法,即当事人可以在争议发生之前在合同中列入仲裁条款,也可以在争议发生后达成仲裁协议,将他们之间的争议提交仲裁解决。
(本文转自公众号“律蚁语言服务社”,已获授权)