隔壁翻译菌

盆友们大家好~

双叕叕见面啦~

本领域将涉及国际商事交易的最主要、最基本问题：商事组织、竞争、融资、会计、劳工、银行、合同等等多个方面~

本系列主要参考中国人民大学出版社《国际商事经济法律通则》一书，笔者很推荐对此方面感兴趣的盆友们阅读哦~~

本篇将介绍保险相关内容~

第九篇 保险

PART 1  

保险要件

Key Elements of Insurance

在保险制度下，经济损失被分摊给了许多人——实际上是被最大限度地分摊给了可能遭受同样风险的尽可能多的人。

Under a system of insurance, the economic loss is distributed among many persons —— in fact, among as many as possible of those persons who are subject to the same kind of risk.

典型的做法是每个这样的人（无论是自然人或是商业个体）存入一定标准数额的资金作为普通基金，通常被称作“保险费”（premium），而后对于每个实际经历不幸的人从该项基金中支付与其遭受损失相当数量的赔付（或事先同意的较少数量的赔付）。当然，服从这项协议的人不可能事先知道他或她，在任何特定的时期，从参与该协议中是实现净“收益”（a net “gain”）还是净“亏损”（a net “loss”）——被保险人事先不会知道是会支付更多给基金还是会从中获取更多。

The typical arrangement is for each such person (either natural person or business entity) to pay into a general fund a standardized amount of money, usually called a "premium" and for each person who actually experiences the misfortune to be paid from that fund in the amount of that economic loss (or some smaller amount agreed on in advance). Of course, no person subject to such an arrangement can know in advance whether he or she will, over any particular period, realize a net"gain"or a net"loss" from participating in it —— that is, no insured person will know in advance whether he or she will pay more into the fund or receive more out of it.

然而，参与该协议的吸引人之处，在于可以将所有被保险人财物损失的风险降低到可衡量和可接受的水平。相比于遭受财务灾难的厄运将会发生的较小风险，被保险人现在承担的是个相对较小的和已知的费用，甚至于没有任何风险。

The appeal of participating in the arrangement, however, is that it reduces the risk of financial loss to a measurable and acceptable level for all insured persons. Instead of being exposed to a small risk that a financially disastrous misfortune will occur, the insured person now is exposed to a relatively small and known cost and to no risk at all.

PART 2  

保险种类和利益

Types of Insurance，

Insurable Interests

对于可以投保的风险类型不存在任何理论限制。然而，从实际来看，商业实体可以投保的风险类型主要限于以下几项：火险和意外事故险，海上保险和内陆水运保险。这两类风险的广泛适用性已经超过了词语所表达的本身含义。

1

火灾和意外事故的混合险

火灾和意外事故的混合险（combined fire and casualty insurance）提供了对不动产（土地和建筑物）和许多其他类型商业财产的全面覆盖。

Combined fire and casualty insurance provides comprehensive coverage on real property (land and buildings) and on many other types of business property.

火险显然包含了火灾，或者至少不是由被保险人蓄意引起的火灾所造成的损失。火险通常也包括由雷电或爆炸所造成的损失，以及由与火毫不相关的其他自然灾害所造成的损失，包括地震、水、风、雨、冲突和暴乱。

Fire insurance obviously covers loss caused by fire or at least by fire that is not deliberately started or fueled by the insured person. Fire insurance also usually covers losses caused by lightning or by explosion, as well as losses caused by other natural disasters that have nothing to do with fire: earthquake, water, wind, rain, collision, and riot.

意外事故险拓宽了承保范围，加入了其他类型的损失，包括由偷窃、机械故障、工伤所造成的异常费用以及与业务相关的损失。

Casualty insurance widens the scope of coverage to include other types of losses, including those caused by theft, machinery breakdown, unusual costs arising from injuries to workers, and other business-related losses.

2

海上保险和内陆水运保险

海上保险承保船舶和货物在海上的损失或损害。

Marine insurance covers ships and their cargo against loss or damage at sea.

“内陆水运保险”这一术语本身所表明的，其保险范围延伸到除去公海以外的运输途中所发生的损失。然而，这并不是仅限于经由水路的内地运输，相反，它还包括经由其他运输形式所运输的货物，甚至是根本没有被运输的某些种类的货物，但却不在火险和意外事故险的保险范围之内。

As the term "inland marine insurance" suggests, such coverage extends to losses occurring during transportation other than on the high seas. It is not, however, confined to inland transportation only by water. Instead, it covers goods being moved by other forms of transportation, and even certain types of goods that are not being moved at all but that are not the kind of fixtures for which fire and casualty insurance is designed.

PART 3  

其他有关保险方面的法律问题

其他涉及保险法方面的事项通常包括以下的部分或所有：

01

公共政策例外

public policy exceptions

在诸如违法或不适当等情况下保险合同不能生效。

·public policy exceptions —— circumstances in which insurance contracts cannot be entered into because of some kind of illegality or inappropriateness.

02

故意行为例外

intentional conduct exception

保险范围不延伸到由被保险人的作为（或不作为）所蓄意造成的损失的理论。

·intentional conduct exception —— the doctrine that insurance coverage does not extend to a loss deliberately caused through the actions (or inaction) by the insured person.

03

免查保险

indemnity insurance

范围涉及保护被保险人对第三方的法律责任的保险。

·insurance policy —— coverage that protects an insured against legal liability to a third party.

04

索赔程序

procedures for filing

保险合同通常详细规定了被保险人的义务，以便立即通知保险公司其损失，详细证明损失的类型和程度，在索赔产生一段时间后提起索赔，以及配合保险公司调查和防止第三方所进行的任何行为。

·procedures for filing claims —— insurance contracts usually specify in detail the obligation of the insured to notify the insurance company immediately of the loss, to prove in detail the type and extent of the loss, to bring a claim within a certain period of time after the claim arose, and to cooperate with the insurance company in investigating and defending against any action brought by third parties.

05

承保人的抗辩

defenses of the insurer

抗辩依据是保险公司可以依法拒绝支付投保方所提出的索赔。

·defenses of the insurer —— grounds on which the insurance company can legally refuse to pay the benefits claimed by the insured party.

PART 4 中国保险合同种类

以保险的标的为标准，保险合同分为财产保险合同和人身保险合同。这是保险合同的基本分类，也是我国《保险法》所规定的保险合同的类型。

1

财产保险合同

财产保险合同是指以财产及其利益为保险标的的保险合同。

A property insurance contract refers to a contract the subject matter of the insurance of which is a property and related interests associated therewith.

其适用的目的在于补偿被保险人因发生保险事故所遭受的保险标的的损失，实现保险保障的功能，所以说，财产保险合同是补偿性合同。

2

人身保险合同

人身保险合同是以人的寿命和身体为保险标的的保险合同。

A contract of insurance of persons is an insurance contract insuring a person's life and body.

人身保险合同属于给付性合同，因为作为其保险标的的人的寿命或身体是不能以货币价值来衡量的，难以用货币评价其损失后果。

所以，人身保险合同的适用，一般都是根据被保险人的特殊需要和交付保险费的数额，在合同中确定一个固定的保险金额，在保险事故发生后或者保险合同期限届满时予以给付。

3

其他

除此之外，根据不同的标准，保险合同还可以分为不同类型，主要有定值保险合同与不定值保险合同，足额保险合同、不足额保险合同与超额保险合同，单保险合同与再保险合同，原保险合同与再保险合同等。

（本文转自公众号“律蚁语言服务社”，已获授权）