Fundamental，central; forming the necessary basis of sth 基础的；基本的，书面用词，侧重指作为基础、根本的抽象的事物。

fundamental type 基本类型

fundamental rule 基本原则

fundamental rights 基本权利

fundamental law 基本法；基本定律

fundamental characteristic 基本性能; 基本特征;

Essential，connected with the most important aspect or basic nature of sb/sth 本质的；基本的；根本的，语气比fundamental，强调必不可少的；极其重要的。

essential difference 本质区别

essential component 主要部件；主要成分

Vital，necessary or essential in order for sth to succeed or exist 必不可少的；极重要的，正式用词，侧重指维持生命所必需的。

vital function 重要作用；生命机能

vital role/part 至关重要的作用

vital signs 生命特征；主要病症

参考双语例句：

In addition to the fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitution, the Act further provides for the right to survival and development of children; right to name; right to nationality; right to health and health services, etc; right to privacy; right to parental care, protection and maintenance; right to a child in need of special protection measures; right of the unborn child to protection against harm, etc; right to parental property; right to social activities; rights to social activities; contractual rights of the child; right to opinion; right to education; child’s right to stay with parents; protection from harmful social and customary practices; right of child to be maintained and the right of children to legal aid in all cases.

除了宪法保障的基本权利之外，该法令进一步规定了儿童的生存和发育权；姓名权；国籍权；健康和卫生服务等权利；隐私权；父母关爱、保护和养育权；需要特别保护措施的儿童的权利；胎儿受保护免受危害等的权利；获得父母财产的权利；社交活动权；与父母在一起的权利；受保护免受有害的社会和风俗习惯影响的权利；受抚养的权利；和在所有情况下获得法律援助的权利。

The commitment included essential framework conditions such as: participatory, transparent and accountable political systems, 、as well as good governance at the national and international levels, as established in the Millennium Declaration; recognition of the universal indivisible interdependent and interrelated nature of all human rights; increased external assistance to developing countries through official development assistance and debt relief; recognition of the important interaction between environmental, economic and social policies; improved access for developing countries and countries with economies in transition to the markets of the developed countries; and reduction of the negative impact of international financial turbulence.

特别会议的承诺包括一些基本框架条件，如参与性、具透明度和问责性的政治制度以及《千年宣言》提出的国家一级和国际一级的善政；承认在全世界所有人权都不可分割、相互依存和相互联系；通过官方发展援助和减免债务为发展中国家提供更多外部援助；承认环境、经济和社会政策的重要相互作用；增加发展中国家和经济转型国家进入发达国家的市场的机会；减少国际金融动荡的负面影响。

Furthermore, the report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (A/59/565) and the report of the Secretary-General “In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all” (A/59/2005) proposed a number of initiatives of vital importance to millions of women and girls in conflict and post-conflict areas, including: the creation of a Peacebuilding Commission; increased focus on conflict prevention; the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity; more effective protection of human rights; and enhanced rule of law.

此外，威胁、挑战和改革问题高级别小组的报告（A/59/565）以及秘书长题为“大自由：实现人人共享的发展、安全和人权”的报告（A/59/2005）向冲突地区和冲突后地区的千百万妇女和女孩提出了一些至关重要的倡议，包括：设立建设和平委员会；加强对预防冲突的重视；负责保护民众免遭灭绝种族罪、战争罪、族裔清洗和危害人类罪；更加有效地保护人权以及加强法治。