Abstain、Forbear和Refrain三个单词均有克制和约束的含义。

Abstain主要是指自我约束以放弃某项权利；或戒除某项行为，尤指不当或不健康的行为。“To hold oneself back voluntarily,especially from something regarded as improper or unhealthy。”

Forbear则常指出于忍耐或慈善而实施的自我克制行为。“Forbear is, in its intransitive sense, to exercise self-control, often out of motive of patience,or charity.”

Refrain 多指暂时或短时间的一种克制或约束行为或克制冲动。“Refrain has to do with withholding an action temporarily,or checking a momentary desire.”

Abstain、Forbear和Refrain后面都可接from进行搭配：

to abstain from alcohol/sex/drugs 戒酒；禁欲；戒毒

forbear from speaking 隐忍不言

Please refrain from smoking 请勿吸烟

参考双语例句：

 ①If any question arises at any meeting of the Board as to the materiality of the interest of a Director (other than the chairman of the meeting) or his Associate, or as to the entitlement of any Director (other than such chairman) to vote or be counted in the quorum and such question is not resolved by his voluntarily agreeing to abstain from voting or not to be counted in the quorum, such question shall be referred to the chairman of the meeting and his ruling in relation to such other Director shall be final and conclusive except in a case where the nature or extent of the interest of the Director or his Associate concerned as known to such Director has not been fairly disclosed to the Board.

倘若任何董事会会议内产生任何关于董事（除会议的主席外）或其联系人的权益或关于任何董事（除该主席外）的表决及被计入法定人数的权利的问题，且此问题没有因为他自愿放弃表决或被计入法定人数内而得到解决，此问题应提交会议主席处理，他对于该董事的裁定应属最后和最终的裁定，除非 以该董事所知该董事或其联系人的利益的性质和范围没有公平地披露予董事会知道。

②The State, in enacting national regulatory frameworks, should take into account the role of a State as a launching State and as a responsible State under the United Nations treaties on outer space and determine national jurisdiction over space activities carried out from the national territory of a State and space activities carried out elsewhere in which nationals, both its natural and its juridical persons, are involved, provided, however, that if another State is exercising jurisdiction with respect to such activities, the State should consider forbearing from duplicative requirements and avoid unnecessary burdens for operators of space objects

各国在颁布本国监管框架时，应当顾及国家作为发射国并作为负责任的国家而在联合国外层空间各项条约下发挥的作用；并确定国家对从本国领土上实施的空间活动以及对在其自然人和法人等国民参与下在其他地方实施的空间活动所拥有的管辖权，但先决条件是，如果另一个国家对这类活动行使了管辖权，该国就应当考虑不再提出完全相同的要求，避免给空间物体运营方造成不必要的负担

③The Working Group recommended that the Committee: (a) refrain from setting up a permanent follow-up mechanism for the time being and instead, in conformity with rule 73 of its rules of procedure, continue to undertake follow-up on an ad hoc basis; (b) entrust the Working Group with follow-up activities for the time being; (c) continue to appoint two rapporteurs on follow-up to views, preferably the Case Rapporteur, when feasible, and a member of the Working Group; and (d) once it has deemed that satisfactory follow-up information has been received from the State party concerned, and in accordance with article 7, paragraph 5, of the Optional Protocol, invite that State party to submit further information about any measures taken in its subsequent reports under article 18 of the Convention, and relieve the follow-up rapporteurs of their duties and reflect such action in its annual report.

工作组建议委员会：(a) 避免在目前阶段建立常设后续行动机制，而应依照其议事规则第 73条，继续临时性地采取后续行动；(b) 暂时把后续活动付托给工作组；(c) 继续任命两名负责落实意见的后续行动报告员，有可能的话最好能任命案件报告员，此外任命工作组一名成员；(d) 一旦它认为有关缔约国提交的后续行动资料令人满意，即按照《任择议定书》第7条第5款的规定，邀请该缔约国提交有关其后来报告中按照《公约》第18条采取的任何措施的进一步资料，解除后续行动报告员的任务，并在其年度报告中反映此项行动。