Commutation：the act of making a punishment less severe。即“减刑”。是法院判刑后，经行政机关命令削减惩罚，一般属于特例。

Good time:为“因服刑表现好而减刑”,其与commutation 的差异在于所作减刑命令的主体不同，commutation指的是由行政机关所作的减刑，且不以罪犯在监狱服刑的表现为依据；而good time所指的“减刑”则主要是指监狱的狱政管理机构根据服刑人员的表现好坏决定的刑期缩减。Good time还可分为:

“法定减刑” (statutory good time)

“业绩减刑” (merit good time)

“工业减刑” (industrial good time)。

Conditional pardon，“有条件特赦”，1、附先决条件的赦免，被赦免人在履行规定的行为后得到赦免；2、附后决条件的赦免，赦免于下达时生效，但如被赦免人违反规定条件，赦免即失效。

参考双语例句：

Lastly, while appreciating the abolition of the death penalty in Uzbekistan, he wished to know what steps had been taken, prior to that abolition, to inform families of the death of the executed persons and the location of their bodies, and what criteria had been used by the Supreme Court for the commutation of death sentences to life imprisonment or other penalties.

最后，在对乌兹别克斯坦废除死刑表示赞赏的同时，他希望获悉在废除死刑之前已采取何种步骤向被处决者的家庭通知死讯和尸体存放地，以及最高法院采用了何种标准将死刑减刑为终身监禁或其他刑罚。

Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the differences in the employment conditions of the permanent and ad litem judges were those described in article 12 quater, paragraph (2), of the Tribunal’s statute, namely that ad litem judges were not eligible for election as, or to vote in the election of, the President of the Tribunal or the Presiding Judge of a Trial Chamber; nor did they have power to adopt rules of procedure and evidence, review an indictment or consult with the President of the Tribunal in relation to the assignment of judges or in relation to a pardon or commutation of sentence.

咨询委员会经询问获悉，卢旺达问题国际法庭常任法官和审案法官的雇用条件差异列在《卢旺达问题国际法庭规约》第12条之四第2款，即审案法官没有资格当选或选举法庭庭长或审判分庭主审法官，他们也没有权力通过程序和证据规则、审查起诉书、就法官任命或赦免、减刑事宜与法庭庭长进行协商。

Those safeguards concern, for instance, the legality of the offences and penalties, the presumption of innocence, the non-retroactivity of criminal law, except where it has become more lenient, the right to a fair hearing, the right to appeal to a higher court and the right to apply for pardon.

例如， 这些保障措施涉及到罪名和刑罚的合法性、无罪推定、刑事法律的不溯及既往原则(除非刑法已变得更宽松)、获得公平审讯的权利、向更高法庭上诉的权利以及请求赦免的权利。