在英文中，“damage”“injury”和“loss”均可以表示“损失”或“损害”之义。据《元照英美法词典》解释，“damage”指因过失、故意或意外事故而非法侵害他人人身、财产等合法权益所形成的损失或伤害。“Injury”指(1)因故意、或过失造成的对他人人身、权利、名誉、财产及其他受法律保护的利益的侵害；一般认为，“injury”和“damage”的区别在于：前者针对人身；而后者则针对财产，但这一区别并不严格；(2)复数时尤指对人身的伤害。“Loss”表示“损失”“损害”含义时，多与“damage”“detriment”“injury”“deprivation”等词同义，既指经济上的损失，亦指因人身损害而导致的损害。下面参照《民法典》分别了解一下三个词的使用情境：

Damage

例句1：

财产代管人因故意或者重大过失造成失踪人财产损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。（《民法典》第四十三条第三款）

A custodian who, intentionally or due to gross negligence, causes damage to the property of the missing person shall be liable for compensation.

例句2：

清算义务人未及时履行清算义务，造成损害的，应当承担民事责任；主管机关或者利害关系人可以申请人民法院指定有关人员组成清算组进行清算。（《民法典》第七十条第三款）

The persons with the duty to liquidate the legal person who fail to perform their duties in time and cause damage to others shall bear civil liability; the competent authority or an interested person may request the people’s court to appoint the relevant persons to form a liquidation committee to liquidate the legal person.

例句3：

一方利用对方处于危困状态、缺乏判断能力等情形，致使民事法律行为成立时显失公平的，受损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。（《民法典》第一百五十一条）

In situations such as where one party takes advantage of the other party that is in a desperate situation or lacks the ability of making judgment, and as a result the civil juristic act thus performed is obviously unfair, the damaged party is entitled to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to revoke the act.

Loss

例句1：

利害关系人隐瞒真实情况，致使他人被宣告死亡而取得其财产的，除应当返还财产外，还应当对由此造成的损失承担赔偿责任。（《民法典》第五十三条第二款）

Where an interested person conceals the true information and causes a natural person to be declared dead so as to obtain the latter’s property, the interested person shall, in addition to returning the wrongfully obtained property, make compensation for any loss thus caused.

例句2：

没有法定的或者约定的义务，为避免他人利益受损失而进行管理的人，有权请求受益人偿还由此支出的必要费用。（《民法典》第一百二十一条）

A person who, without a statutory or contractual obligation, engages in management activities to prevent another person from suffering loss of interests, is entitled to request the said other person who receives benefit therefrom to reimburse the necessary expenses thus incurred.

例句3：

履行国有财产管理、监督职责的机构及其工作人员，应当依法加强对国有财产的管理、监督，促进国有财产保值增值，防止国有财产损失；滥用职权，玩忽职守，造成国有财产损失的，应当依法承担法律责任。（《民法典》第二百五十九条第一款）

Institutions and their staff with the duties of administration and supervision over the State-owned property shall strengthen the administration and supervision of the State-owned property in accordance with law, strive to preserve and increase the value of such property and prevent any loss thereof; they shall assume legal liabilities in accordance with law if losses are caused to the State-owned property as a result of their abuse of powers or dereliction of duties.

Injury

(1)人身损害

例句1：

因保护他人民事权益使自己受到损害的，由侵权人承担民事责任，受益人可以给予适当补偿。没有侵权人、侵权人逃逸或者无力承担民事责任，受害人请求补偿的，受益人应当给予适当补偿。（《民法典》第一百八十三条）

Where a party is injured for protecting the civil-law rights and interests of another person, the tortfeasor shall bear civil liability, and the beneficiary may make appropriate compensation to the injured person. In the absence of a tortfeasor, or if the tortfeasor flees or is incapable of assuming civil liability, upon request of the injured person, the beneficiary shall make appropriate compensation.

例句2：

合同中的下列免责条款无效：

(一)造成对方人身损害的；

(二)因故意或者重大过失造成对方财产损失的。

（《民法典》第五百零六条）

An exculpatory clause in a contract exempting the liability on the following acts are void:

(1) causing physical injury to the other party; or

(2) causing losses to the other party’s property intentionally or due to gross negligence.

例句3：

承租人占有租赁物期间，租赁物造成第三人人身损害或者财产损失的，出租人不承担责任。（《民法典》第七百四十九条）

Where a leased object causes any personal injury or property damage to a third person during the period it is under the lessee’s possession, the lessor shall not bear any liability.

注：例句2和3都明确提及“人身损害”，分别使用“physical injury”或者“personal injury”表示；但是，虽然例句1并未明确提及“人身损害”，但此处的“损害”可能更倾向于“人身损害”，《民法典》第一百八十三条被称为“见义勇为条款”或者“好人条款”，即有关因见义勇为导致自己受伤的责任承担规则。

(2)权利损害

诉讼时效期间自权利人知道或者应当知道权利受到损害以及义务人之日起计算。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。但是，自权利受到损害之日起超过二十年的，人民法院不予保护，有特殊情况的，人民法院可以根据权利人的申请决定延长。（《民法典》第一百八十八条第二款）

Unless otherwise provided by law, the limitation period begins from the date when the right holder knows or should have known that his right has been harmed and that who is the obligor. However, no protection to a right is to be granted by the people’s court if 20 years have lapsed since the date when the injury occurs, except that the people’s court may, upon request of the right holder, extend the limitation period under special circumstances.

(3)精神损害

因当事人一方的违约行为，损害对方人格权并造成严重精神损害，受损害方选择请求其承担违约责任的，不影响受损害方请求精神损害赔偿。（《民法典》第九百九十六条）

Where the personality rights of a party is harmed by the other party’s breach of contract and the injured party is thus suffered severe emotional distress, if the injured party elects to request the other party to bear liability based on breach of contract, his right to claim for compensation for pains and suffering is not be affected.

(4)人格损害

认定行为人承担侵害除生命权、身体权和健康权外的人格权的民事责任，应当考虑行为人和受害人的职业、影响范围、过错程度，以及行为的目的、方式、后果等因素。（《民法典》第九百九十八条）

In determining the civil liability an actor is to bear for infringing upon other’s personality rights, other than the right to life, the right to corporeal integrity, or the right to health, consideration shall be given to the occupations of the actor and the injured person, the scope of impact of the act, the degree of fault, as well as the factors such as the purposes, methods, and consequences of the act.

来源：

《元照英美法词典》；

http://www.npc.gov.cn/