在法律英语中,表示“断言”的词汇如"assert", "affirm", "allege", "aver", "avouch", "avow", "maintain", 和 "testify"确实存在细微的区别:
1. Assert (断言,主张)
表示广泛用于法律和非法律语境,表示强烈声明某事是真实的,不一定需要证据支持。
例:“The claimant asserts that the contract was breached.”
2. Affirm (肯定,确认)
通常用于法律文件和法庭上,指在更正式或法律意义上确认某事的真实性,经常与证据或先前的判断相关。
例:“The court affirmed the validity of the agreement.”
3. Allege (声称,指控)
指在没有提供证据的情况下,声称某事发生。常用于刑事和民事诉讼的初期阶段。
例:“The plaintiff alleges that the defendant was negligent.”
4. Aver (断言;引例证明)
法律语境中的正式用词,用于坚定地声明某个事实,通常预期这些声明将由证据支持。
例:“The attorney averred that her client had an alibi.”
5. Avouch (担保,确认)
较少用于现代法律英语,旧式或正式语境中用于表达担保或证实某事。
例:“He avouched his presence at the scene.”
6. Avow (公开承认,公开宣称)
强调个人对某一声明或信念的坚定承认,通常带有个人信念的色彩。
例:“The defendant avowed his innocence in court.”
7. Maintain (坚持,争辩)
表示持续地、坚定地断言某事,常用于法律辩论或讨论中,表示一方对其立场的坚持。
例:“She maintains that the contract was fully executed.”
8. Testify (陈述,确认)
指在法庭上或法律文件中提供证词,是基于证据或经验的正式声明。
例:“The witness testified that he saw the defendant leave the scene.”