Contract的概念:
我国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations“。根据这一定义,合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。
Steven H.Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。
L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。
综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”,也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce.
Agreement的概念:
布莱克法律词典对“Agreement”有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。
另一个是:“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。
L.B L.B Curzon字典中定义为“A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。
Contract与Agreement的关系:
布莱克法律词典中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with ”contract“, agreement is a broader term, e.g.an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact.”即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。
实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。
中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:
1.title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址);
2.contract object(标的);
3.quantity(数量);
4.quality(质量);
5.price or remuneration(价款或者报酬);
6.time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式);
7.liability for breach of contract(违约责任);
8.methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)。
上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。
商务合同翻译中的用词十分精准。Agreement和Contract具有完全不同的含义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定,合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说,具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。又如,May,shall,must,may not等在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎,权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体,如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。