审阅中英文双语合同时,时常遇到律师或译员将“违约金”表述为“ liquidated damages ”,或将“ liquidated damages ”表述为“违约金”,那么中国法律意义上的“违约金”是否与美国法律意义上的“ liquidated damages ”完全或大概一致呢?对该问题的较深思考源自某外资所律师的咨询邮件,其在邮件中咨询“Do you know the Chinese law on liquidated damages provisions? Would Chinese courts recognize them and enforce them? (中国法律对 liquidated damages 是否有相关的规定?中国法院是否认可并可执行该等 liquidated damages 的规定?)
于是查询Black’s Law Dictionary (eighth edition)中的词条“liquidated damages”,查得定义如下:An amount contractually stipulated as a reasonable estimation of actual damages to be recovered by one party if the other party breaches. If the parties to a contract have properly agreed on liquidated damages, the sum fixed is the measure of damages for a breach, whether it exceeds or falls short of the actual damages. (是指于合同中约定的,一方违约时,对方就实际损失所能追索的合理预计金额。如果合同各方已就liquidated damages达成一致,那么该确定金额就是对违约的赔偿,不论该金额是高于还是低于实际损失。)
为便于进一步理解,该辞典还摘录了P. S. Atiyah的《合同法导读》中的相关段落,现辑录如下:
“The distinction between a penalty and genuine liquidated damages, as they are called, is not always easy to apply, but the Courts have made the task simpler by laying down certain guiding principles. In the first place, if the sum payable is so large as to be far in excess of the probable damage on breach, it is almost certainly a penalty. Secondly, if the same sum is expressed to be payable on any one of a number of different breaches of varying importance, it is again probably a penalty, because it is extremely unlikely that the same damages would be caused by these varying breaches. Thirdly, where a sum is expressed to be payable on a certain date, and a further sum in the event of default being made, this latter sum is prima facie a penalty, because mere delay in payment is unlikely to cause damage. Finally, it is to be noted that the mere use of the words ‘liquidated damages’ is not decisive, for it is the task of the Court and not of the parties to decide the true nature of the sum payable.” P. S. Atiyah, An Introduction to the Law of Contract 316-17 (3d ed. 1981).
(penalty 和真正的liquidated damages不太容易区分,但法院厘定了一些指导性原则使两者的区分变得简单。首先,如应支付的金额较大且远超过违约可能产生的损失,它几乎肯定是penalty。其次,如合同规定因任何不同程度的违约都需支付前述较大金额,它可能还是penalty,因为不可能不同程度的违约都会导致同样的损失。再次,如合同规定在某日应支付一笔款项,若违约应再支付一笔款项,后一笔款项在表面上为penalty,因为仅仅延迟付款不可能导致损失。最后,要注意的是,使用liquidated damages与否并不重要,因为是法官而非合同双方来决定应支付款项的性质。)
从前述两段摘录中,我们得知有个词penalty 与liquidated damages容易混淆,liquidated damages是对违约导致的实际损失进行合理预计的赔偿金额,具有金额事先约定的特点;而penalty具有金额远大于违约可能造成的实际损失的特点。我们同样在Black’s Law Dictionary (eighth edition) P3588-9中查询 “penalty”, 其与合同有关的定义如下:
An extra charge against a party who violates a contractual provision.(针对违约方收取的额外款项)
Penalty clause. A contractual provision that assesses against a defaulting party an excessive monetary charge unrelated to actual harm. Penalty clauses are generally unenforceable.
(penalty条款。合同中针对一方违约而约定的、与实际损失不相关的超额金钱费用的条款。penalty条款通常不可执行。)
根据英国最高院2015年的案例Cavendish v Makdessi and ParkingEye v Beavis,决定合同条款是否会成为penalty需要考虑:合同是否适用penalty规则,penalty条款是否用于保护任何法定权益,以及penalty是否与被保护的权益相比根本不成比例(是否过高或显失公平)。
根据《民法通则》、《公司法》及《公司法司法解释二》的相关规定,可以约定因违约所产生的赔偿责任,既可约定具体的赔偿数额,也可约定损失赔偿的计算方法,原则上不超过实际损失,我们可以称其为“约定损失赔偿金”。同时,我们发现中国法律语境下的“违约金”除具有补偿性外,还带有一定的惩罚性,比如,违约金可适当超过实际损失,但不能超过损失的30%。
透过以上分析,我们理解“liquidated damages”与“违约金”在法律内涵上并不完全一致,英美合同方对“liquidated damages”的理解与中国合同方对“违约金”的理解是无法完全对应的。因此,在涉及“liquidated damages”和“违约金”的翻译时,可考虑如下处理方式:
如果将英文合同中的“liquidated damages”翻译成中文时,可建议参考香港合约法上的表达,将其翻译为“算定损害赔偿金”,并通过加注或批注的方式提醒中方客户“该等金额约定后,不论高于还是低于实际损失,一般不予调整”。
如果将中文合同中的“违约金”翻译成英文时,可考虑翻译为“damages for breach of contract”,但请务必避免将“违约金”翻译成“penalty”,因为创设不可执行的条款并不是合同之中方当事人的真实意思表示,也将在纠纷时陷中方当事人于不利地位;“penalty”在香港合约法上被称为“罚金”。如果将“违约金”翻译为“liquidated damages”时,若合同适用中国法律,那么请提醒英美法系的合同当事人,“在中国法律下,该等约定金额如低于或过分高于实际损失(通常认为超过造成损失的百分之三十),当事人可请求法院予以调整”。
