“attorney-client privilege” 即 “律师与客户的保密特权”。
在证据法上,指客户拒绝披露及阻止他人披露其与律师之间为获得或提供法律咨询或帮助而作的秘密交流的特权。尽管该项特权由客户享有,但他也准许律师拒绝就其从客户那里得知的信息作证。客户可以放弃该项特权。
“律师与客户的保密特权”(Attorney-Client Privilege)是美国法律界历史最悠久、几乎受法律“绝对保护”的一种特权,它指的是律师与客户之间的沟通包括案情分析、诉讼策略、谈判方法、事实陈述等一切通信和言论都是保密的,“就连法官也不能逼律师开口”,哪怕客户是杀人犯,告诉律师的是杀人的细节,律师也无权泄露。即使律师泄露了,“也不能作为法庭上定案的证据”,相反在美国这种泄露会造成“法庭审理无效(mistrial)”、甚至重新组建法庭和陪审团的严重结果,相关的律师不但不会因此而受到褒奖,而且还会遭到执业纪律的处罚,“丢到律师执照”,甚至可能进监狱。
有关“律师与客户的保密特权”,美国近代曾发生过一个让全美哗然的案例。1982年安德鲁·威尔逊(Andrew Wilson)对他的两个律师坦白自己抢劫了芝加哥南部的一家麦当劳店,并用短枪杀死了警卫,但因受到律师客户保密特权的限制,“律师不得不守口如瓶”,即使“另一位无辜的人劳根(Logan)被逮捕并判终生监禁”。两位律师想尽办法,总算让当事人签下一纸协议,同意律师可以在自己死后公布真相。劳根在监狱里被关了26年之后,安德鲁去世,无辜的劳根才终于得以洗清冤屈。事情曝光之后,全美对修订律师与客户保密特权条款的呼声迭起,案件一路推到美国最高法院,但高法最后还是坚持判决”必须保证律师和客户之间交流的秘密特权“,认为只有这样才能鼓励客户对律师完全坦白,律师才能据此向客户做出最直接有效的建议,也才能更好地代理客户。
“attorney-client privilege” 的英文释义如下:
Attorney-Client Privilege is a legal concept that protects certain communications between a client and his attorney and keeps those communications confidential. The attorney–client privilege is one of the oldest recognized privileges for confidential communications. The United States Supreme Court has stated that by assuring confidentiality, the privilege encourages clients to make "full and frank" disclosures to their attorneys, who are then better able to provide candid advice and effective representation. When an attorney is not acting primarily as an attorney but, for instance, as a business advisor, member of the Board of Directors, or in another non-legal role, then the privilege generally does not apply.Other limits to the privilege may apply depending on the situation being adjudicated.