Minutes of the Second National Working Conference on the Trial of Foreign-Related Commercial and Maritime Cases

第二次全国涉外商事海事审判工作会议纪要

Promulgating Institution:        Supreme People's Court

Document Number:        Fa Fa [2005] No.26

Promulgating Date:         12/26/2005

Effective Date:        12/26/2005

颁布机关:       最高人民法院

文    号:     法发[2005]26号

颁布时间:       12/26/2005

实施时间:       12/26/2005

Text

正文

In order to further implement the principle of "impartial jurisdiction and people-orientation", implement the key working requirement of "impartiality and efficiency", regulate the judicial conduct during handling of foreign-related commercial and maritime cases, enhance judicial capacity, and significantly improve work related to the trial of foreign-related commercial and maritime cases, the Supreme People's Court convened the Second National Working Conference on the Trial of Foreign-Related Commercial and Maritime Cases in Nanjing of Jiangsu Province during the time period from November 15 to 16, 2005. 200 attendants were present at the Conference, including presidents and chief judges from high people's courts who are in charge of the trial of foreign-related commercial and maritime cases, presidents of intermediate people's courts having jurisdiction over foreign-related commercial and maritime affairs who are in charge of the trial of foreign-related commercial and maritime cases, presidents of maritime courts, and representatives of relevant departments under the Central Government. Xiao Yang, President of the Supreme People's Court, delivered a formal speech at the Conference, and Wan Exiang, vice-president of the Supreme People's Court, also spoke at the Conference.

At the Conference, attendants summarized and exchanged their experiences in the trial of foreign-related commercial and maritime cases from 2001 till present, studied problems existing in trials which need prompt solution, and discussed the further improvement of work related to foreign-related commercial and maritime trial so as to provide judicially protection measures for the reform and opening-up, as well as trade and shipping businesses. At the Conference, following consensuses are reached and included in the meeting minutes:

   为进一步贯彻“公正司法，一心为民”的方针，落实“公正与效率”工作主题，规范涉外商事海事司法行为，增强司法能力，提高司法水平，开创涉外商事海事审判工作新局面，最高人民法院于2005年11月15日至16日在江苏省南京市召开了第二次全国涉外商事海事审判工作会议。各高级人民法院的分管院长、涉外商事海事审判部门的庭长、具有涉外商事审判管辖权的中级人民法院的分管院长、海事法院院长以及中央有关部门的代表共200人参加了会议。最高人民法院院长肖扬发表了书面讲话，副院长万鄂湘到会讲话。

   会议总结交流了2001年来涉外商事海事审判工作的经验，研究了审判实践中亟待解决的问题，讨论了进一步规范涉外商事海事审判工作，为改革开放和经贸、航运事业提供司法保障的措施。会议达成以下共识，并形成纪要：

I. Jurisdiction over Cases

    一、关于案件管辖

(1) In the trial of a domestic commercial dispute case, if such case becomes a foreign-related case due to the addition of parties to the suit, the relevant people's court shall determine the jurisdiction over such case in accordance with the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Certain Issues Concerning Jurisdiction over Civil and Commercial Cases Involving Foreign Elements. The agreement-based jurisdiction reached by parties concerned shall not contradict the aforementioned provisions.

A people's court shall not accept and hear foreign-related commercial dispute cases if it has no appropriate jurisdiction; if the court has accepted such case, it shall transfer the cases to the people's court having the relevant jurisdiction.

   1．人民法院在审理国内商事纠纷案件过程中，因追加当事人而使得案件具有涉外因素的，属于涉外商事纠纷案件，应当按照《最高人民法院关于涉外民商事案件诉讼管辖若干问题的规定》确定案件的管辖。当事人协议管辖不得违反前述规定。

   无管辖权的人民法院不得受理涉外商事纠纷案件；已经受理的，应将案件移送有管辖权的人民法院审理。

(2) With respect to commercial dispute cases involving foreign-invested financial institutions, including wholly foreign-owned banks, wholly foreign-owned financial companies, joint venture banks, joint venture financial companies, and branches of foreign banks, the jurisdiction over such cases shall be determined in accordance with the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Certain Issues Concerning Jurisdiction over Civil and Commercial Cases Involving Foreign Elements.

   2．涉及外资金融机构（包括外国独资银行、独资财务公司、合资银行、合资财务公司、外国银行分行）的商事纠纷案件，其诉讼管辖按照《最高人民法院关于涉外民商事案件诉讼管辖若干问题的规定》办理。

(3) In the event that a party lodges a lawsuit with a people's court against a foreign party, if such foreign party has established enterprises in China engaging in businesses of processing with materials supplied by clients, manufacturing products according to samples provided by clients, assembling parts supplied by clients, and compensatory trade (hereinafter referred to as "enterprises of three import and compensation trade"), it shall be deemed that such foreign party has seizable property in China and the people's court with the jurisdiction over foreign-related commercial cases of the place where such enterprise of three import and compensation trade is located may exercise jurisdiction over disputes involved in such case.

   3．一方当事人以外国当事人为被告向人民法院提起诉讼，该外国当事人在我国境内设有来料加工、来样加工、来件装配或者补偿贸易企业（以下简称“三来一补”企业）的，应认定其在我国境内有可供扣押的财产，该“三来一补”企业所在地有涉外商事案件管辖权的人民法院可以对纠纷行使管辖权。

(4) In determining whether the court selected through agreement between parties to a foreign-related commercial dispute case is the "court in the place having an actual connection with the dispute" as prescribed in Article 244 of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, a people's court shall consider such factors as where the parties are domiciled, where the parties concerned are registered, business places, where the contract is concluded, where the contract is performed, and where the subject matter is located.

   4．人民法院在认定涉外商事纠纷案件当事人协议选择的法院是否属于《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百四十四条规定的“与争议有实际联系的地点的法院”时，应该考虑当事人住所地、登记地、营业地、合同签订地、合同履行地、标的物所在地等因素。

(5) In the case of a contract of a Sino-Foreign equity joint venture enterprise (hereinafter referred to as "EJV") or a Sino-Foreign cooperative joint venture enterprise (hereinafter referred to as "CJV"), the registered place of such EJV or CJV enterprise shall be the place where the contract is performed; in the case of a contract for transferring the stocks of an EJV/CJV enterprise, or a wholly foreign-owned enterprise (hereinafter referred to as "WFOE") legally established within China, the registered place of said foreign-invested enterprise shall be the place where the contract is performed. According to the provisions of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, the people's courts of the places where contracts are performed shall have jurisdictions over the disputes arising from said contracts.

   5．中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同，合资、合作企业的注册登记地为合同履行地；涉及转让在我国境内依法设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外商独资企业股份的合同，上述外商投资企业的注册登记地为合同履行地。根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》的规定，合同履行地的人民法院对上述合同纠纷享有管辖权。

(6) With respect to a case in which a party applies for the determination of the validity of a foreign-related arbitration agreement, such case shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the intermediate people's court with the jurisdiction over foreign-related commercial cases at the place where the applicant or respondent is located, or where the arbitration agreement is executed; with respect to a case in which an application is filed for the execution of a foreign-related arbitral award made by a Chinese arbitration institution, such case shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the intermediate people's court with jurisdiction over foreign-related commercial cases at the place where the respondent is domiciled or where the property is located; with respect to a case in which an application is file for the annulment of a foreign-related arbitral award made by a Chinese arbitration institution, such case shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the intermediate people's court with jurisdiction over foreign-related commercial cases at the place where said arbitration institution is located; and with respect to a case in which an application is filed for the recognition and execution of an arbitral award made by a foreign arbitration institution, such case shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the intermediate people's court with jurisdiction over foreign-related commercial cases at the place where the respondent is domiciled or where the property is located.

   6．当事人申请确认涉外仲裁协议效力的案件，由申请人住所地、被申请人住所地或者仲裁协议签订地有权受理涉外商事案件的中级人民法院管辖；申请执行我国涉外仲裁裁决的案件，由被申请人住所地、财产所在地有权受理涉外商事案件的中级人民法院管辖；申请撤销我国涉外仲裁裁决的案件，由仲裁机构所在地有权受理涉外商事案件的中级人民法院管辖；申请承认与执行外国仲裁裁决的案件，由被申请人住所地或者财产所在地有权受理涉外商事案件的中级人民法院管辖。

(7) In the case that a valid arbitration agreement signed by parties to a foreign-related commercial contract has specified that any and all disputes arising from or in connection with the contract shall be settled through arbitration, if the plaintiff lodges a lawsuit with a people's court on the grounds of infringements in connection with any disputes arising from the conclusion or performance of said contract, the people's court shall not have jurisdiction over such case.

   7．涉外商事合同的当事人之间签订的有效仲裁协议约定了因合同发生的或与合同有关的一切争议均应通过仲裁方式解决，原告就当事人在签订和履行合同过程中发生的纠纷以侵权为由向人民法院提起诉讼的，人民法院不享有管辖权。

(8) Subject to the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, a people's court shall have jurisdiction over the disputes arising from or in connection with a master contract or a guarantee contract. Where a plaintiff lodges a lawsuit to a people's court against the principal debtor and the guarantor as the co-defendants, the people's court may have jurisdiction over the disputes arising from or in connection with the master contract and the guarantee contract. Notwithstanding the aforementioned provisions, where parties to the master contract or the guarantee contract have concluded an arbitration agreement or jurisdiction agreement specifying that disputes shall be subject to arbitration by an arbitration institution or the exclusive jurisdiction of a foreign court, no people's court may have jurisdiction over the disputes arising from or in connection with the master contract or the guarantee contract subject to said agreement.

   8．人民法院根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》的规定仅对主合同纠纷或者担保合同纠纷享有管辖权，原告以主债务人和担保人为共同被告向人民法院提起诉讼的，人民法院可以对主合同纠纷和担保合同纠纷一并管辖，但主合同或者担保合同当事人订有仲裁协议或者管辖协议，约定纠纷由仲裁机构仲裁或者外国法院排他性管辖的，人民法院对订有此类协议的主合同纠纷或者担保合同纠纷不享有管辖权。

(9) Where the principal debtor to a guarantee contract is not within China while the creditor lodges a lawsuit in China with a people's court only against the guarantor, the people's court shall exercise its jurisdiction in accordance with relevant provisions prescribed in the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China. In the trial, where according to the governing law of the guarantee contract, the guarantor shall be entitled to the beneficium excussionis or the claim amount of the master contract involved in the case shall be determined first, the people's court may handle the case in the following ways based on the actual situations: (a) where the people's court has jurisdiction over the disputes arising from or in connection with the master contract, the people's court may require the plaintiff to add the principal debtor as the co-defendant within a specified time period; (b) otherwise, the people's court shall rule to cease the trial and require the creditor to lodge a lawsuit or file an arbitration against the principal debtor or determine the claim amount by other means, within a certain period specified by the people's court. Where the creditor lodges a lawsuit or files arbitration against the principal debtor within the specified period or where the claim amount may be determined by other means, the people's court shall resume the trial after the creditor submits the relevant effective ruling or other evidentiary documents.

Where the creditor refuses to apply for the addition of the principal debtor as the co-defendant within the specified period, or fails to lodge a lawsuit or file an arbitration against the principal debtor, or where the claim amount is not determined by other means, and the mediation by the people's court fails, the lawsuit lodged by the creditor shall be overruled.

   9．担保合同的主债务人在我国境外，债权人在我国仅起诉担保人的，人民法院应根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》的相关规定行使管辖权。在审理过程中，如发现依据担保合同的准据法，担保人享有先诉抗辩权或者该案需要先确定主合同债权额的，可以根据不同情况分别作如下处理：（1）人民法院对主合同纠纷享有管辖权的，可以要求原告在一定期限内追加主债务人为共同被告；（2）人民法院对主合同纠纷不享有管辖权的，应裁定中止审理，并指定一定的期限，告知债权人对主债务人提起诉讼或仲裁，或者以其他方式确定主债权额。债权人在指定的期限内对主债务人提起诉讼或仲裁，或者经其他方式可以明确主债权额的，人民法院应在债权人提交相应的生效裁判文书或者其他证明文件后恢复审理。

   债权人在指定的期限内拒绝申请追加主债务人为共同被告，或者未对主债务人提起诉讼或仲裁，或者经其他方式仍未能明确主债权额，且人民法院调解不成的，裁定驳回债权人的起诉。

(10) With respect to a case involving foreign-related commercial disputes over which both a Chinese court and a foreign court have jurisdiction, where a party lodges a lawsuit to a Chinese court after lodging a lawsuit to and having the same accepted by a foreign court, or where the other party lodges a lawsuit to a Chinese court for the same dispute, the acceptance of or ruling on the case by the foreign court shall not prejudice the jurisdiction of the Chinese court over the same case; however, the Chinese court shall determine whether to accept the case or not in light of the actual situations. Where the ruling on a case rendered by a foreign court has been recognized and enforced by a Chinese court, no people's court may accept the case. Where it is otherwise stipulated by the international treaties which were endorsed by China or to which China is a member state, such treaties shall prevail.

   10．我国法院和外国法院都享有管辖权的涉外商事纠纷案件，一方当事人向外国法院起诉且被受理后又就同一争议向我国法院提起诉讼，或者对方当事人就同一争议向我国法院提起诉讼的，外国法院是否已经受理案件或者作出判决，不影响我国法院行使管辖权，但是否受理，由我国法院根据案件具体情况决定。外国法院判决已经被我国法院承认和执行的，人民法院不应受理。我国缔结或者参加的国际条约另有规定的，按规定办理。

(11) During the trial of a case involving foreign-related commercial dispute, where a Chinese court discovers that there is any inappropriateness of jurisdiction over the case, the court may overrule the lawsuit lodged by the plaintiff pursuant to the doctrine of forum non conveniens. The application for the doctrine of forum non conveniens shall comply with the following conditions: (a) the defendant files the petition for the application of the doctrine of forum non conveniens, or raises objections to the jurisdiction, and the appellate court deems that the application of the "doctrine of forum non conveniens" may be considered; (b) the Chinese appellate court has the jurisdiction over such case; (c) parties concerned have signed no agreement on choosing a Chinese court to have jurisdiction over the issues concerned; (d) the case is not subject to exclusive jurisdiction of Chinese courts; (e) the case does not involve the interests of Chinese citizens, legal persons, or other organizations; (f) the main facts of the disputes involved in the case are not within China and not governed by Chinese laws, causing significant difficulties for Chinese courts to identify such facts and determine the application of laws; and (g) the foreign court has jurisdiction over such case and it is more appropriate for such foreign court to try the case.

   11．我国法院在审理涉外商事纠纷案件过程中，如发现案件存在不方便管辖的因素，可以根据“不方便法院原则”裁定驳回原告的起诉。“不方便法院原则”的适用应符合下列条件：（1）被告提出适用“不方便法院原则”的请求，或者提出管辖异议而受诉法院认为可以考虑适用“不方便法院原则”；（2）受理案件的我国法院对案件享有管辖权；（3）当事人之间不存在选择我国法院管辖的协议；（4）案件不属于我国法院专属管辖；（5）案件不涉及我国公民、法人或者其他组织的利益；（6）案件争议发生的主要事实不在我国境内且不适用我国法律，我国法院若受理案件在认定事实和适用法律方面存在重大困难；（7）外国法院对案件享有管辖权且审理该案件更加方便。

(12) Where an agreement concluded by parties concerned in a case involving foreign-related commercial disputes specifies that a foreign court has exclusive jurisdiction over their disputes, it shall be deemed that such agreement does not rule out the jurisdiction of courts of other countries with jurisdiction. Where a party lodges a lawsuit to a Chinese court and the court has jurisdiction over such case according to the relevant provisions of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, such Chinese court may accept the case.

   12．涉外商事纠纷案件的当事人协议约定外国法院对其争议享有非排他性管辖权时，可以认定该协议并没有排除其他国家有管辖权法院的管辖权。如果一方当事人向我国法院提起诉讼，我国法院依照《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》的有关规定对案件享有管辖权的，可以受理。

II. Litigants

    二、关于诉讼当事人

(13) Where a branch organization is legally established by a foreign enterprise within China and has collected the business license, thus is eligible to institute a civil action, such branch organization may participate in a civil action as a party concerned. With respect to a branch organization that cannot assume the civil liability independently, if such branch organization participate in a case as the defendant, the relevant people's court may add the foreign enterprise that establishes such branch organization as the co-defendant based on the application of the plaintiff.

Where a representative organization established in China by a foreign enterprise is not eligible to institute a civil action, such foreign enterprise shall participate in a dispute case as a party concerned if said representative organization is involved in the case.

   13．外国企业在我国境内依法设立并领取营业执照的分支机构，具有民事诉讼主体资格，可以作为当事人参加诉讼。因分支机构不能独立承担民事责任，其作为被告时，人民法院可以根据原告的申请追加设立该分支机构的外国企业为共同被告。

   外国企业在我国境内设立的代表机构不具有诉讼主体资格的，涉及代表机构的纠纷案件应由外国企业作为当事人参加诉讼。

(14) According to Article 49 of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China and Article 40 of the Opinions of the Supreme People's Court on Certain Issues Concerning the Application of the "Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China", any foreign enterprise or natural person that establishes an enterprise of three import and compensation trade in China shall be eligible to institute a civil action and may participate in a litigation as a party concerned. Where an enterprise of three import and compensation trade cannot assume the civil liability independently but is involved in a case as the defendant, the relevant people's court may add the foreign enterprise or natural person that establishes such enterprise as the co-defendant based on the application filed by the plaintiff.

   14．根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第四十九条和《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉若干问题的意见》第40条的规定，外国企业、自然人在我国境内设立的“三来一补”企业具有民事诉讼主体资格，可以作为当事人参加诉讼。因“三来一补”企业不能独立承担民事责任，其作为被告时，人民法院可以根据原告的申请追加设立该“三来一补”企业的外国企业、自然人为共同被告。

(15) Where a people's court discovers during the trial that a foreign party concerned has been announced bankruptcy or in the liquidation procedure, it shall request the property manager or liquidator for the bankruptcy of such foreign party to participate in the litigation.

   15．人民法院在审理案件过程中查明外国当事人被宣告破产或者进入清算程序的，应通知外国当事人的破产财产管理人或者清算人参加诉讼。

(16) As the plaintiff in a case, a foreign party shall, in accordance with the provisions prescribed in Item (1) of Article 110 of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, provide its identification certificate to the people's court in the form prescribed by Chinese laws. Where such foreign party refuses to do so, the people's court shall rule not to accept the case. Where such case has been accepted, the people's court may require the plaintiff to provide relevant materials within a specified period; where the foreign party fails to do so within the specified period without justified reason, the people's court may rule to overrule the lawsuit lodged by the plaintiff.

   16．外国当事人作为原告时，应根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第一百一十条第（一）项的规定，向人民法院提供身份证明，证明材料应符合我国法律要求的形式。拒不提供的，应裁定不予受理。案件已经受理的，可要求原告在指定期限内补充提供相关资料，期满无正当理由仍未提供的，可以裁定驳回起诉。

(17) As the plaintiff in a case, a foreign party shall be subject to the following requirements as the case may be: (a) where the plaintiff has provided evidence proving the existence of the defendant when lodging the litigation, but fails to provide, in an explicit manner, the address of the defendant, or where the address of the defendant provided by the plaintiff cannot be used for service of documents (excluding the cases of service by public notice), the people's court shall require the plaintiff to supplement the explicit information on the address of the defendant. Where the materials supplemented by the plaintiff cannot help ascertain the defendant's address, the people's court shall serve relevant judicial documents on the defendant by public notice in accordance with the laws (b) where the plaintiff fails to provide evidence proving the existence of the defendant, but the relevant judicial documents can be served on the defendant by statutory service means (excluding cases of service by public notice) according to information stated in the complaint in terms of the name and address of the defendant and the name of its legal representative; where the defendant fails to respond to the lawsuit within the statutory period and refuses to appear before the court, the people's court may conduct the trial by default in accordance with the law; (c) where the plaintiff fails to provide evidence proving the existence of the defendant when lodging the lawsuit, and the relevant judicial documents cannot be served on the defendant by statutory service means (excluding cases of service by public notice) according to the information stated in the complaint, the people's court shall require the plaintiff to supplement information to the evidence proving the existence of the defendant; where the plaintiff refuses to provide the same or where the supplemented information cannot ascertain the actual existence of the defendant. the people's court may rule that there is no explicit defendant and shall overrule the pleading of the plaintiff in accordance with the provisions prescribed in Item (2) of Article 108 of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China.

   17．外国当事人作为被告时，应针对不同情况分别作如下处理：（1）原告起诉时提供了被告存在的证明，但未提供被告的明确住址或者依据原告所提供的被告住址无法送达（公告送达除外）的，应要求原告补充提供被告的明确住址。依据原告补充的材料仍不能确定被告住址的，应依法向被告公告送达相关司法文书；（2）原告起诉时没有提供被告存在的证明，但根据起诉状所列明的被告的姓名、名称、住所、法定代表人的姓名等情况对被告按照法定的送达途径（公告送达除外）能够送达的，送达后被告不在法定的期限内应诉答辩，又拒不到庭的，可以依法缺席审判；（3）原告在起诉时没有提供被告存在的证明，根据起诉状所列明的情况对被告按照法定的送达途径（公告送达除外）无法送达的，应要求原告补充提供被告存在的证明，原告拒不提供或者补充提供后仍无法确定被告真实存在的，可以认定为没有明确的被告，应根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第一百零八条第（二）项的规定裁定驳回原告的起诉。

(18). The power of attorney produced by a foreign party outside China shall be subject to notarization, accreditation or other relevant certification procedures. In the case of an agent ad litem that fails to complete the relevant procedures, the people's court will not recognize its agent qualifications.

   18．外国当事人在我国境外出具的授权委托书，应当履行相关的公证、认证或者其他证明手续。对于未履行相关手续的诉讼代理人，人民法院对其代理资格不予认可。

(19) The power of attorney endorsed by a foreign natural person in the presence of the case staff of a people's court is not necessarily subject to notarization, accreditation, or other relevant certification procedures, but such foreign natural person shall present his/her identification certificate and entry permit when endorsing the power of attorney. The case staff of the people's court shall indicate relevant information in the power of attorney and require such foreign natural person to confirm such information.

   19．外国自然人在人民法院办案人员面前签署的授权委托书无需办理公证、认证或者其他证明手续，但在签署授权委托书时应出示身份证明和入境证明，人民法院办案人员应在授权委托书上注明相关情况并要求该外国自然人予以确认。

(20) Where the power of attorney endorsed by a foreign natural person in China has been notarized by a Chinese public notary office, certifying that such power of attorney was endorsed in China, the power of attorney is not necessarily subject to the notarization, accreditation, or other certification procedures in the country of such foreign natural person.

   20．外国自然人在我国境内签署的授权委托书，经我国公证机关公证，证明该委托书是在我国境内签署的，无需在其所在国再办理公证、认证或者其他证明手续。

(21) The power of attorney endorsed by the legal representative or principal of a foreign legal person or other organization on behalf of such legal person or other organization, in the presence of case staff of the relevant people's court, is not necessarily subject to the notarization, accreditation, or other certification procedures, provided that the legal representative or principal of such foreign natural person or other organization shall, in addition to producing the identity certificate and entry permit of natural person, provide the evidentiary document produced by such legal person or other organization certifying that such legal representative or principal has the right to endorse the power of attorney, while such power of attorney shall be subject to notarization, accreditation, or other certification procedures. The case staff of the people's court shall indicate relevant information in the power of attorney and require such legal representative or principal to confirm such information.

   21．外国法人、其他组织的法定代表人或者负责人代表该法人、其他组织在人民法院办案人员面前签署的授权委托书，无需办理公证、认证或者其他证明手续，但在签署授权委托书时，外国法人、其他组织的法定代表人或者负责人除了向人民法院办案人员出示自然人身份证明和入境证明外，还必须提供该法人或者其他组织出具的能够证明其有权签署授权委托书的证明文件，且该证明文件必须办理公证、认证或者其他证明手续。人民法院办案人员应在授权委托书上注明相关情况并要求该法定代表人或者负责人予以确认。

(22) Where the power of attorney, endorsed by the legal representative or principal of a foreign legal person or other organization on behalf of such legal person or other organization in China, has been notarized by a Chinese public notary office certifying that the power of attorney was endorsed in China, and the legal representative or principal has provided the people's court with the notarization, accreditation or other certification documents provided by such foreign legal person or organization certifying that such legal representative or principal is entitled to endorse the power of attorney, such power of attorney is not necessarily subject to the notarization, accreditation, or other certification procedures in the country of such foreign party.

   22．外国法人、其他组织的法定代表人或者负责人代表该法人、其他组织在我国境内签署的授权委托书，经我国公证机关公证，证明该委托书是在我国境内签署，且该法定代表人或者负责人向人民法院提供了外国法人、其他组织出具的办理了公证、认证或者其他证明手续的能够证明其有权签署授权委托书的证明文件的，该授权委托书无需在外国当事人的所在国办理公证、认证或者其他证明手续。

(23) Where a foreign party, in a one-off manner, entrusts others with the cases occurring within a specific time period or scope, the people's court may recognize such entrustment after examination and investigation. Where the foreign party has completed the notarization, accreditation, or other certification procedures for such one-off entrustment during the proceedings at the first instance, the entrustment is not necessarily subject to notarization, accreditation, or other certification procedures in the proceedings at the second instance and retrials.

   23．外国当事人将其在特定时期内发生的或者将特定范围的案件一次性委托他人代理，人民法院经审查可以予以认可。该一次性委托在一审程序中已办理公证、认证或者其他证明手续的，二审或者再审程序中无需再办理公证、认证或者其他证明手续。

III. Service of Judicial documents

    三、关于司法文书送达

1. Service of judicial documents on cases involving foreign-related commercial disputes

   （一）涉外商事纠纷案件司法文书的送达

(24) In the case of serving a judicial document on a party concerned having no domicile in China, the people's court may directly serve the relevant document on the party's entrusted litigation ad litem in China or the representative organization established in China by the party concerned. The people's court may directly the relevant document on a foreigner, a stateless person, or the legal representative or principal of a foreign company, enterprise, or other organization who is domiciled in China. Where a party has a branch organization or a business agent in China, subject to the authorization of the party concerned, the people's court may serve relevant judicial documents on such branch organization or business agent. When serving judicial documents on the The people's court may When serving judicial documents on the litigation ad litem, legal representative or principal, representative organization, or branch organization entitled to receive such documents on behalf of the party concerned, the people's court may serve the relevant judicial document by leaving the at appropriate addresses.

   24．人民法院向在我国境内没有住所的当事人送达司法文书，可以直接送达给其在我国境内委托的诉讼代理人或者其在我国境内设立的代表机构。外国人、无国籍人或者外国公司、企业、其他组织的法定代表人或者负责人在我国境内的，人民法院可直接向其送达。当事人在我国境内有分支机构或者业务代办人的，经该当事人授权，人民法院可以向其分支机构或者业务代办人送达相关司法文书。人民法院向当事人的诉讼代理人、法定代表人或者负责人、代表机构以及有权接受的分支机构、业务代办人送达司法文书，适用留置送达。

(25) In the case that a foreign party has no agent or relevant organization that may accept the judicial document in China on its behalf, if the country of such foreign party has executed judicial assistance treaties with China or is a member state of the Convention on the Service of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters Abroad endorsed in 1965 in Hague (hereinafter referred to as the "Hague Service Convention"), the judicial document shall be served on such foreign party in accordance with said treaties or the Convention. The specific procedures shall be implemented respectively according to the Notice Concerning the Implementation of Sino-Foreign Judicial Assistance Treaty (Fa (Ban) Fa [1988] No. 3) issued by the Supreme People's Court and the Notice Concerning the Implementation of Relevant Procedures of the 'Convention on the Service of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters Abroad' (Wai Fa [1992] No. 8) and the Implementing Measures for the Implementation of the Hague Service Convention (Si Fa Tong [1992] No. 93) jointly issued by the Supreme People's Court, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Justice. Where the country of such party has executed judicial assistance treaties with China meanwhile is a state member of the Hague Service Convention, the judicial document shall be served in accordance with the treaties concluded.

Where the judicial document cannot be served on the party without a domicile in China by the aforementioned methods, it can be served by diplomatic means. The specific procedures for such service of document shall be implemented according to provisions set forth in the Notice Concerning the Service of Legal Instrument Between Chinese Courts and Foreign Courts Through Diplomatic Means Under Mutual Commission (Wai Fa [1986] No. 47) jointly issued by the Supreme People's Court, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Justice.

   25．外国当事人如果在我国境内没有可以代其接受送达的代理人或者相关机构，若该当事人所在国与我国签订有司法协助协定或者其所在国是1965年海牙《关于向国外送达民事或商事司法文书和司法外文书公约》（以下简称《海牙送达公约》）的成员国，向该当事人送达司法文书依照司法协助协定或者公约的规定执行。具体程序可以分别按照最高人民法院发布的法（办）发 [1988]3号《关于执行中外司法协助协定的通知》，最高人民法院、外交部、司法部联合发布的外发[1992]8号《关于执行＜关于向国外送达民事或商事司法文书和司法外文书公约＞有关程序的通知》、司发通[1992]093号《关于执行海牙送达公约的实施办法》的规定办理。如果当事人所在国既与我国签订有司法协助协定，又是《海牙送达公约》的成员国，送达司法文书依照司法协助协定的规定办理。

   对在我国境内没有住所的当事人，如果不能适用前述方式送达，可以通过外交途径送达。具体程序可以按照最高人民法院、外交部、司法部联合发布的外发[1986]47号《关于我国法院和外国法院通过外交途径相互委托送达法律文书若干问题的通知》的规定办理。

(26) In the case that a judicial document is served according to judicial assistance treaties or the Hague Service Convention or by diplomatic means, where relevant Chinese authorities do not receive any documents certifying the judicial document has been served on the party concerned six months after the same being served on relevant authorities of the country where the party is located and where the service cannot be ascertained on the basis of other information, it shall be deemed that such approach to service of document is not applicable in this case.

   26．按照司法协助协定、《海牙送达公约》或者外交途径送达司法文书，自我国有关机关将司法文书转递受送达当事人所在国有关机关之日起满六个月，如果未能收到送达与否的证明文件，且根据其他情况也不足以认定已经送达的，视为不能适用该种方式送达。

(27) In the case that a party has no domicile in China, the judicial document can be served by post provided that the country of such party so allows. The judicial document shall be served by mail with a service receipt. Where the party fails to sign on the service receipt but on the mail receipt, it shall be deemed that the party concerned has been served with the document. Where no document certifying that the document has been served on the party concerned can be obtained six months after the same being mailed, and other relevant information is insufficient to ascertain the service of document on the party concerned, it shall be deemed that the service of document by post is not applicable in this case.

   27．在我国境内没有住所的当事人，其所在国允许邮寄送达的，可以邮寄送达。邮寄送达时应附有送达回证，如果当事人未在送达回证上签收，但在邮件回执上签收，视为已经送达。自邮寄之日起满六个月，如无法得到送达与否的证明文件，且根据其他情况也不足以认定已经送达的，视为不能适用邮寄方式送达。

(28) Where a people's court serves a judicial document by public notice, the contents of such public notice shall be published on the newspapers issued home and abroad and, at the same time, may be published on the China Foreign-Related Commercial and Maritime Trial website (http://www.ccmt.org.cn).

   28．人民法院通过公告方式送达司法文书，公告内容应该在国内外公开发行的报纸上刊登，同时可以在中国涉外商事海事审判网（http：／／www．ccmt． org．cn）上公布。

(29) Without prejudice to the prohibitive provisions of the place where the party who is to be served is domiciled, a people's court may serve judicial documents by fax or e-mail. Where such judicial document is served by fax or e-mail, the party is required to reply within seven days after the receipt of the same, and the time of receipt acknowledged in the reply shall be taken as the time when the document is served; where the party fails to acknowledge the time of receipt in the reply, the reply time shall be deemed as the receiving time. Where the party fails to make a reply, it shall be deemed that the party has not been served with the judicial document.

   29．传真、电子邮件等送达方式，如果不违反受送达人住所地法律禁止性规定，人民法院在送达司法文书时可以采用。通过传真，电子邮件方式送达的，应当要求当事人在收到后七日内予以回复，当事人回复时确认收到的时间为送达的时间；若当事人回复时未确认收到的时间，其回复的时间为送达的时间。当事人未回复的，视为未送达。

(30) In addition to the method of service by public notice, a people's court may simultaneously use a variety of approaches to serve a judicial document, provided that the time of service shall be determined according to the methods of service by which the judicial document can be served the earliest.

   30．除公告送达方式外，人民法院可以同时采取多种方式对当事人进行送达，但应根据最先实现送达的送达方式确定送达时间。

(31) Where a people's court serves a judicial document, if such document needs to be forwarded via its superior people's court according to the relevant provisions, a written application for forwarding shall be attached to the judicial document. The superior people's court shall forward the judicial document within seven working days from the date of receipt if a subordinate people's court applies to forward the document. Where the superior people's court considers that the application for forwarding the judicial document does not comply with relevant provisions and requires corrections and supplementation, the same shall also be returned to the relevant subordinate people's court within seven working days.

   31．人民法院送达司法文书，根据有关规定须通过上级人民法院转递的，应附申请转递函。上级人民法院收到下级人民法院申请转递的司法文书，应当在七个工作日内予以转递。上级人民法院认为下级人民法院申请转递的司法文书不符合有关规定需要补正的，亦应在七个工作日内退回申请转递的人民法院。

(32) Where a judicial document to be served shall be accompanied with the translation version in accordance with the relevant provisions, the people's court that has accepted the case shall entrust the translation with a translation agency within China. The seal of the people's court shall not be affixed to the translation document, but the signature or seal of the translation agency or translator is required for evidencing that the translation is consistent with the original text.

   32．人民法院送达司法文书，根据有关规定需提供翻译件的，应由受理案件的人民法院委托我国境内的翻译机构进行翻译。翻译件不加盖人民法院印章，但应由翻译机构或翻译人员签名或盖章证明译文与原文一致。

(33) Under the following circumstances, it shall be deemed that the judicial document has been served on a party concerned even if the party fails to complete the procedures for the receipt of the judicial document: (a) the concerned party mentioned the content of the judicial document to the people's court, either verbally or in writing; or (b) the party has performed according to the content of the judicial document served.

   33．当事人虽未对人民法院送达的司法文书履行签收手续，但存在以下情形的，视为已经送达：（1）当事人通过口头或者书面形式向人民法院提及了所送达的司法文书的内容；（2）当事人已经按照所送达司法文书的内容履行。

2. Service of Judicial document in Cases Involving Hong Kong, Taiwan, or Macau elements

   （二）涉港澳台案件司法文书的送达

(34) Where the party whose domicile is in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region or the Macau Special Administrative Region has no agent or relevant organization responsible for receiving the judicial document on its behalf in Mainland China, the judicial document shall be served on such party in accordance with the Arrangement of the Supreme People's Court for the Service of Judicial Documents in Civil and Commercial Matters Between Courts of Mainland China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region under Mutual Commission, or the Arrangement of the Supreme People's Court for the Service of Judicial Documents in Civil and Commercial Matters and the Investigation and Evidence Collection Between Courts of Mainland China and Macau Special Administrative Region under Mutual Commission, respectively. In the case of judicial documents served in accordance with said two Arrangements, where high people's courts or the Supreme People's Court have not received the documents indicating the receipt of the same three months after the relevant judicial documents have been served on the High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region or the Court of Final Appeal of the Macau Special Administrative Region, and where the successful service of the same cannot be confirmed on the basis of other information, it shall be deemed that such judicial documents cannot be served by the methods as are prescribed in said Arrangements.

   34．住所地在香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区的当事人如果在内地没有可以代其接受送达的代理人或者相关机构，需要向其送达司法文书时，分别按照《最高人民法院关于内地与香港特别行政区法院相互委托送达民商事司法文书的安排》或者《最高人民法院关于内地与澳门特别行政区法院就民商事案件相互委托送达司法文书和调查取证的安排》办理。按照上述两个安排送达司法文书，自内地的高级人民法院或者最高人民法院将有关司法文书递送香港特别行政区高等法院或者澳门特别行政区终审法院之日起满三个月，如未收到送达与否的证明文件，且根据其他情况不足以认定已经送达的，视为不能适用上述安排中规定的方式送达。

(35) A people's court may serve judicial documents on the party whose domicile is in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macau Special Administrative Region, or Taiwan Region by post. The judicial document shall be served by post accompanied with a service receipt. Where the party fails to sign on the service receipt but signs on the mail receipt, it shall be deemed that document has been served on the party. Where the people's court receives no document certifying that the document has been served on the relevant courts two months after the judicial documents were served by post, but the service can be ascertained on the basis of other information, it shall be deemed that the same is served on the relevant parties when service period expires. Where the people's court receives no document certifying that the judicial documents have been served on the relevant courts two months after the documents have been served by post and the service of the same cannot be ascertained on the basis of other information, the approach of service by post does not apply in this case.

   35．人民法院向住所地在香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区、台湾地区的当事人送达司法文书，可以邮寄送达。邮寄送达时应附有送达回证，如果当事人未在送达回证上签收，但在邮件回执上签收，视为已经送达。自邮寄之日起满二个月，虽未得到送达与否的证明文件，但根据其他情况足以认定已经送达的，期间届满之日视为送达。自邮寄之日起满二个月，未得到送达与否的证明文件，且根据其他情况不足以认定已经送达的，视为不能适用邮寄方式送达。

(36) Where the party whose domicile is in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region or the Macau Special Administrative Region has no agent or relevant organization in Mainland China responsible for receiving the judicial documents on its behalf, and a people's court cannot serve the same by the approaches prescribed in the Arrangements or by post, the same can be served by public notice.

   36．住所地在香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区的当事人如果在内地没有可以代其接受送达的代理人或者相关机构，人民法院也不能通过两个安排规定的方式或者邮寄方式送达的，可以通过公告方式送达。

(37) Where a party whose domicile is in Taiwan Region has no agent or relevant organization in Mainland China responsible for receiving the judicial documents on its behalf, and a people's court cannot serve the same by post, the same can be served by public notice.

   37．住所地在台湾地区的当事人如果在大陆没有可以代其接受送达的代理人或者相关机构，人民法院也不能通过邮寄方式送达的，可以通过公告方式送达。

(38) In the case of judicial documents served to the party whose domicile is in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macau Special Administrative Region, or Taiwan Region by public notice, it shall be deemed that the same is served on the concerned party sixty days after the public notice is made.

   38．通过公告方式向住所地在香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区、台湾地区的当事人送达司法文书，自公告之日起满六十日，即视为送达。

IV. Evidence in Litigation

    四、关于诉讼证据

(39) In the case that the evidence provide by a concerned party is developed outside China, a people's court shall (a) perform relevant notarization, accreditation or other certification formalities for the evidence proving that the relevant subjects can institute litigations; or (b) with respect to other evidence, the party who provides such evidence shall choose whether or not to go through relevant notarization, accreditation, or other certification formalities, unless the relevant court deems that the said formalities are necessary.

With respect to evidence developed outside China, regardless of whether such evidence has been notarized, accredited, or received other certification formalities, the relevant people's court shall organize cross examination for the parties concerned, and examine and admit such evidence by combining the cross examination opinions of the parties concerned.

   39．对当事人提供的在我国境外形成的证据，人民法院应根据不同情况分别作如下处理：（1）对证明诉讼主体资格的证据，应履行相关的公证、认证或者其他证明手续；（2）对其他证据，由提供证据的一方当事人选择是否办理相关的公证、认证或者其他证明手续，但人民法院认为确需办理的除外。

   对在我国境外形成的证据，不论是否已办理公证、认证或者其他证明手续，人民法院均应组织当事人进行质证，并结合当事人的质证意见进行审核认定。

(40) Where evidence provided by a concerned party is developed outside China, if such evidence needs to be notarized, accredited or certified by other means, a notary office of the country of such party shall be responsible for the notarization formalities and the Chinese embassy or consulate stationed in such country shall be responsible for the accreditation formalities, or the evidence shall be subject to the certification formalities prescribed in relevant treaties executed between China and such country. Where such country has no diplomatic relations with China, such evidence shall have been accredited by an embassy or a consulate of a third country that has diplomatic relations with China prior to being accredited by the Chinese embassy or consulate stationed in such third country.

   40．对当事人提供的在我国境外形成的应履行相关公证、认证或者其他证明手续的证据，应当经所在国公证机关公证，并经我国驻该国使领馆认证，或者履行我国与该所在国订立的有关条约中规定的证明手续。如果其所在国与我国没有外交关系，则该证据应经与我国有外交关系的第三国驻该国使领馆认证，再转由我国驻该第三国使领馆认证。

(41) Audio and video materials in a foreign language provided by a party to a people's court shall be attached with the recorded text in the language used in such audio and video materials and the Chinese translation thereof.

   41．当事人向人民法院提供外文视听资料的，应附有视听资料中所用语言的记录文本及中文译本。

(42) With respect to evidentiary materials provided by a concerned party, if the relevant people's court deems that such materials are likely to affect the ruling of the case, the materials shall be subject to a cross examination.

   42．当事人提交的证据材料不属于新的证据，人民法院经审查认为该证据可能影响裁判结果的，应予以质证。

(43) In the case that a party fails to apply for verification at the first instance, or fails to pay the verification fee in advance after applying for the verification without justified reason, or refuses to submit relevant materials, resulting in the failure in verification, but applies for verification at the second instance or retrial, the case shall be handled in light of the following situations (a) based on the examination results where the people's court considers that the ruling will not be affected even the materials are not verified, the said application shall not be approved; or (2), based on the examination results, where the people's court considers that the ambiguity in the major facts of the case will be caused if the materials are not verified, the said application shall be approved.

   43．当事人在一审时未申请鉴定，或者申请鉴定后无正当理由不预交鉴定费用或拒不提交相关材料致使无法鉴定，而在二审或者再审期间申请鉴定的，视下列情况分别处理：（1）人民法院经审查认为，不鉴定不会影响裁判结果的，对当事人的申请不予准许；（2）人民法院经审查认为，不鉴定可能导致案件的主要事实不清的，对当事人的申请应予准许。

(44) Where the court of the first instance does not grant permission to the application filed by a party for collecting evidence, the application for the collection of evidence at the second instance or retrial shall be handled in light of the following circumstances (a) based on the examination results, t where the people's court consider that the ruling will not be affected by the process of collection of evidence, the application shall be permitted; or (b) based on the examination results, where the people's court considers that the ambiguity in the major facts relating to the case will be cause if process of evidence collection is not completed, the application shall be permitted.

   44．当事人在一审时申请人民法院调取证据未获准许，而在二审或者再审期间申请调取证据的，视下列情况分别处理：（1）人民法院经审查认为，不调取证据不会影响裁判结果的，对当事人的申请不予准许；（2）人民法院经审查认为，不调取证据可能导致案件的主要事实不清的，对当事人的申请应予准许。

(45) Where a people's court tries a case in the absence of the defendant legally summoned, the burden of proof of the plaintiff to his/her litigation claims may not be exempted and the people's court shall examine the evidentiary materials so submitted by the plaintiff.

   45．对经合法传唤的被告未到庭而进行缺席审判的案件，不能免除原告对其诉讼请求的证明责任，人民法院仍应对原告所提交的证据材料进行审查。

V. Application of Law Concerning Foreign-Related Commercial Contracts

    五、关于涉外商事合同法律适用

(46) A party to a foreign-related commercial contract may, in or after the execution of such contract, select the governing laws with respect to any dispute arising from such contract by explicit means after consultation. The disputes arising from such contract, including whether the contract has been established, establishment date, validity, interpretation of the content, performance, liability for breach of contract, and rescission, alteration, suspension, transfer, and termination of the contract.

   46．涉外商事合同的当事人可以在订立合同时或者订立合同后，经过协商一致，以明示方式选择合同争议所适用的法律。合同争议包括合同是否成立、成立的时间、效力、内容的解释、履行、违约责任，以及合同的解除、变更、中止、转让、终止等争议。

(47) Parties to a foreign-related commercial contract may, through consultation, change the governing laws selected at the time of conclusion of the contract, during the period from the time after the contract has been concluded till the time prior to the close of the court debate of the first instance; provided that such change will not impair the lawful interests of any third party.

   47．涉外商事合同的当事人可以在订立合同后至一审法庭辩论终结前通过协商一致改变订立合同时选择的法律，但不得损害第三人的合法利益。

(48) The governing laws selected by concerned parties on the basis of an agreement shall mean the substantial laws and regulations of relevant countries or regions, excluding conflict rules and procedural laws.

   48．当事人协议选择的法律，是指有关国家及地区的实体法规范，不包括冲突规范和程序法规范。

(49) The governing laws applicable to foreign-related commercial contracts determined by a people's court in line with the principle of closest connection shall mean the substantial laws and regulations of relevant countries or regions, excluding conflict rules and procedural laws.

   49．人民法院按照最密切联系原则确定的涉外商事合同应适用的法律，是指有关国家及地区的实体法规范，不包括冲突规范和程序法规范。

(50) The acts of a concerned party for evading any compulsory or prohibitive provisions of the laws and administrative regulations of the People's Republic of China will not cause the application of any foreign laws, and a people's court shall apply the laws of the People's Republic of China.

   50．当事人规避中华人民共和国法律、行政法规的强制性或禁止性规定的行为，不发生适用外国法律的效力，人民法院应适用中华人民共和国法律。

(51) Where the governing laws of a foreign-related commercial dispute case are foreign laws, the party concerned shall provide or prove relevant contents of such foreign laws. The parties concerned may provide relevant statute laws or legal precedents of relevant foreign laws through legal experts, legal service agencies, industry self-discipline organizations, international organizations, or the Internet, and may also provide relevant legal writings, legal introduction materials, and professional opinions.

Where it is difficult for a party to provide foreign laws, such party may apply to a people's court to find out about content of the relevant foreign laws by according to its authority limit.

   51．涉外商事纠纷案件应当适用的法律为外国法律时，由当事人提供或者证明该外国法律的相关内容。当事人可以通过法律专家、法律服务机构、行业自律性组织、国际组织、互联网等途径提供相关外国法律的成文法或者判例，亦可同时提供相关的法律著述、法律介绍资料、专家意见书等。

   当事人对提供外国法律确有困难的，可以申请人民法院依职权查明相关外国法律。

(52) Where there is no objection to the foreign laws provided by a concerned party after cross examination, a people's court shall admit such laws. In the case of the part of the content thereof or any discrepancy of professional opinions provided by concerned parties, the people's court shall make a decision after examination.

   52．当事人提供的外国法律经质证后无异议的，人民法院应予确认。对当事人有异议的部分或者当事人提供的专家意见不一致的，由人民法院审查认定。

(53) Where the content of any foreign laws cannot be ascertained, a people's court may apply the laws of the People's Republic of China.

   53．外国法律的内容无法查明时，人民法院可以适用中华人民共和国法律。

(54) Where any application of foreign laws is against the basic principles of the laws of the People's Republic of China, or against the social and public interests, the laws of the People's Republic of China shall prevail over such foreign laws.

   54．适用外国法律违反中华人民共和国法律的基本原则和社会公共利益的，该外国法律不予适用，而应适用中华人民共和国的法律。

(55) Where parties to a foreign-related commercial contract fail to select the governing laws of the contract, such parties may make their decision prior to the close of the court debate of the first instance after a people's court accepts the case. Where parties fail to do so after negotiation, the laws of the place most closely connected with the contract shall apply.

   55．涉外商事合同的当事人没有选择合同所适用的法律的，人民法院受理案件后，当事人可以在一审法庭辩论终结前作出选择。如果当事人不能协商一致作出选择，适用与合同有最密切联系地的法律。

(56) In determining the governing laws of the contract in line with the principle of closest connection, a people's court shall determine the laws of the country most closely connected with the contract as the governing laws of the contract by taking into account such factors as the specific nature of the contract and obligations performed by parties best representing the essential nature of the contract. Usually, the laws of the place most closely connected with the following contracts are: (a) the laws of the place where the seller's domicile is located when the contract has been signed in the case of a sales contract for international goods; where the contract is negotiated and signed in the place of the buyer's domicile, or signed under the conditions specified by the buyer and on the basis of the bid invitation issued by the buyer, or where it is explicitly stated in the contract that the seller shall deliver goods to the buyer's domicile, the laws of the place where the buyer's domicile is located shall apply; (b) the laws of the place where the processing contractor's domicile is located in the case of processing, assembling, and various processing and undertaking contracts; (c) the laws of the forwarding place for the installation of equipment in the case of a supply contract for complete equipment; (d) the laws of the place where the real estate, in the case of a sales, lease, or pledge contract for real estate; (e) the laws of the lessor's domicile, in the case of a lease contract for real estate; (f) the laws of the pledgee's domicile, in the case of a pledge contract for movable properties; (g) the laws of the place of loaner's domicile, in the case of a loan contract; (h) the laws of the place of donator's domicile, in the case of a donation contract; (i) the laws of the place of insurer's domicile, in the case of an insurance contract; (j) the laws of the lessee's domicile, in the case of a contract for financial leasing; (k) the laws of the place where the construction project is located, in case of a contract for construction engineering; (l) the laws of the place of the keeper's domicile, in case of a warehousing contract; (m) the laws of the place of guarantor's domicile, in the case of a guarantee contract; (n) the laws of the place of trustee's domicile, in the case of a trust contract; (o) the laws of the places of bond offering, bond selling, and bond registration respectively, in the case of bond offering, selling, or transferring contracts; (p) the laws of the place where the auction is conducted, in the case of an auction contract; (q) the laws of the place of broker's domicile, in the case of a brokerage contract; and (r) the laws of the place of mediator's domicile, in the case of a mediation contract.

Where said contracts are obviously more closely connected with another country or region, the laws of such other country or region shall apply.

   56．人民法院根据最密切联系原则确定合同应适用的法律时，应根据合同的特殊性质，以及当事人履行的义务最能体现合同的本质特性等因素，确定与合同有最密切联系国家的法律作为合同的准据法。在通常情况下，下列合同的最密切联系地的法律是：（1）国际货物买卖合同，适用合同订立时卖方住所地法；如果合同是在买方住所地谈判并订立的，或者合同主要是依买方确定的条件并应买方发出的招标订立的，或者合同明确规定卖方须在买方住所地履行交货义务的，适用买方住所地法。（2）来料加工、来件装配以及其他各种加工承揽合同，适用加工承揽人住所地法。（3）成套设备供应合同，适用设备安装运转地法。（4）不动产买卖、租赁或者抵押合同，适用不动产所在地法。 （5）动产租赁合同，适用出租人住所地法。（6）动产质押合同，适用质权人住所地法。（7）借款合同，适用贷款人住所地法。（8）赠与合同，适用赠与人住所地法。（9）保险合同，适用保险人住所地法。（10）融资租赁合同，适用承租人住所地法。（11）建设工程合同，适用建设工程所在地法。（12）仓储、保管合同，适用仓储、保管人住所地法。（13）保证合同，适用保证人住所地法。（14）委托合同，适用受托人住所地法。（15）债券的发行、销售和转让合同，分别适用债券发行地法、债券销售地法和债券登记地法。（16）拍卖合同，适用拍卖举行地法。（17）行纪合同，适用行纪人住所地法。（18）居间合同，适用居间人住所地法。

   上述合同明显与另一国家或者地区有更密切联系的，适用该国或者地区的法律。

(57) Where natural persons, legal persons, or other organizations with the nationality of the People's Republic of China and natural persons, legal persons, or other organizations with foreign nationality sign the following contracts where shall be performed within China, the laws of the People's Republic of China shall apply: (a) EJV contracts; (b) CJV contracts; (c) CJV contracts on the exploration and exploitation of natural resources; (d) contracts on the transfer of stocks of EJVs, CJVs, or WFOEs; (e) contracts signed by foreign natural persons, legal persons or other organizations for contracting and operating enterprises established in China.

   57．具有中华人民共和国国籍的自然人、法人或者其他组织与外国的自然人、法人或者其他组织订立的在我国境内履行的下列合同，适用中华人民共和国法律：（1）中外合资经营企业合同；（2）中外合作经营企业合同；（3）中外合作勘探、开发自然资源合同；（4）转让中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外商独资企业股份的合同；（5）外国自然人、法人或者其他组织承包经营在我国境内设立的企业的合同。

VI. Judicial Examination of International Commercial and Maritime Arbitration

    六、关于国际商事海事仲裁的司法审查

1. Examination of the Validity of Foreign-Related Arbitration Agreements

   （一）涉外仲裁协议效力的审查

(58) The lex causae agreed to by parties to a contract for settling disputes arising from the contract cannot be used for determining the validity of foreign-related arbitration clauses. Where parties to a contract have specified the lex causae for determining the validity of arbitration clauses, the laws agreed upon shall apply; where parties to a contract have not specified the lex causae for determining the validity of arbitration clauses, the arbitration place, the laws of the country or region of the arbitration place shall apply. Where parties to a contract have specified neither the lex causae for determining the validity of arbitration clauses nor arbitration place, or where the arbitration place is not explicitly specified, the laws of the place of the court, that is, Chinese laws, can be determined as the lex causae for determining the validity of arbitration clauses.

   58．当事人在合同中约定的适用于解决合同争议的准据法，不能用来确定涉外仲裁条款的效力。当事人在合同中明确约定了仲裁条款效力的准据法的，应当适用当事人明确约定的法律；未约定仲裁条款效力的准据法但约定了仲裁地的，应当适用仲裁地国家或者地区的法律。只有在当事人未约定仲裁条款效力的准据法亦未约定仲裁地或者仲裁地约定不明的情况下，才能适用法院地法即我国法律作为确认仲裁条款效力的准据法。

(59) Where the arbitration agreement reached by concerned parties specify no or unclear provisions on the arbitration matters or arbitration organizations, such arbitration agreement shall be deemed invalid, unless a supplemental agreement has been reached by the concerned parties.

   59．当事人达成的仲裁协议对仲裁事项或者仲裁机构没有约定或者约定不明，应认定仲裁协议无效，但当事人达成补充协议的除外。

(60) Where a concerned party merges, divides, or deceases after the conclusion of an arbitration agreement, the arbitration agreement shall be binding on the party enjoying the rights and undertaking the obligations with respect to the arbitration matters specified therein, unless otherwise specified by the concerned parties when signing such arbitration agreement.

   60．当事人在订立仲裁协议后合并、分立或者死亡的，该仲裁协议对承受仲裁事项所涉权利义务的人具有约束力，但当事人在订立仲裁协议时另有约定的除外。

(61) Where parties concerned transfer in whole or in part the liabilities or creditor's rights after signing an arbitration agreement, the arbitration agreement shall be binding on the transferee, unless the parties concerned specify otherwise or are expressly opposed to such agreement, or the transferee has no knowledge of the existence of any separate arbitration agreement when accepting the transferred creditor's right or liabilities.

   61．当事人在订立仲裁协议后转让全部或部分债权债务的，仲裁协议对受让人有效，但当事人另有约定、明确反对或者受让人在受让债权债务时不知有单独仲裁协议的除外。

(62) Where an arbitration agreement only specifies the applicable arbitration rules for dispute settlement, it shall be deemed that no arbitration institution is specified, unless concerned parties reach a supplemental agreement or an arbitration institution can be determined in accordance with specified arbitration rules.

   62．仲裁协议仅约定纠纷适用的仲裁规则的，视为未约定仲裁机构，但当事人达成补充协议或者按照约定的仲裁规则能够确定仲裁机构的除外。

(63) Where an arbitration agreement expressly specifies two or more arbitration institutions, concerned parties may apply to either arbitration institution through agreement; where concerned parties cannot reach an agreement on the selection of an arbitration institution, such arbitration agreement shall be deemed invalid.

   63．仲裁协议明确约定两个以上仲裁机构的，当事人可以协议选择其中的一个仲裁机构申请仲裁；当事人无法就仲裁机构达成一致的，仲裁协议无效。

(64) Where an arbitration agreement specifies that any disputes arising from the contract shall be subject to the arbitration of any arbitration institution of a place where there is one arbitration institution only, such arbitration institution shall be deemed as the one agreed by parties concerned. Where there are two or more arbitration institutions, concerned parties may apply to any such arbitration agencies through agreement; where concerned parties cannot reach an agreement on the arbitration institution, such arbitration agreement shall be deemed invalid.

   64．仲裁协议约定由某地的仲裁机构仲裁且该地仅有一个仲裁机构的，该仲裁机构为约定的仲裁机构。该地有两个以上仲裁机构的，当事人可以协议选择其中的一个仲裁机构申请仲裁；当事人无法就仲裁机构达成一致的，仲裁协议无效。

(65) Arbitration clauses shall be independent from other clauses in the contract. Where concerned parties reach an arbitration agreement on the dispute settlement when signing a contract, nevertheless whether or not the contract has become effective, such arbitration agreement shall be deemed valid. The effectiveness of the arbitration clause shall not be effected by the circumstances where a contract fails to become effective after conclusion, or a contract is changed, rescinded, terminated, cancelled or deemed invalid after it has become effective.

   65．仲裁条款独立于合同中的其他条款。当事人在订立合同时就争议达成仲裁协议的，合同未成立不影响仲裁协议的效力；合同成立后未生效以及生效后变更、解除、终止或者被撤销、被认定无效的，不影响合同中仲裁条款的效力。

(66) An arbitration agreement shall be made in writing. The determination of whether there is written form of such arbitration agreement shall be subject to the provisions prescribed in Article 11 of the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China. Where parties concerned quote the valid arbitration clauses in other contracts and documents in the concluded foreign-related contracts, it shall be deemed as a written arbitration agreement.

   66．仲裁协议应当采用书面形式。是否具有书面形式，按照《中华人民共和国合同法》第十一条的规定办理。当事人在订立的涉外合同中援引适用其他合同、文件中的有效仲裁条款的，是书面形式的仲裁协议。

(67) Where a party applies to an arbitration institution or an arbitration court for arbitration and where the other party does not raise objections to the jurisdiction and appoints an arbitrator, in accordance with arbitration rules, and responds to substantial plea, it shall be deemed that parties concerned agree to accept arbitration.

   67．一方当事人向仲裁机构或者仲裁庭申请仲裁，对方当事人未提出管辖异议且按照仲裁规则的要求指定仲裁员并进行实体答辩的，视为当事人同意接受仲裁。

(68) Where parties concerned specify that both parties may either apply to an arbitration institution for arbitration or lodge a lawsuit with a people's court, with respect to any disputes arising from the contract, such arbitration agreement shall be deemed invalid; unless a party applies to an arbitration institution for arbitration while another party fails to raise objections within the period prescribed in Paragraph 2 of Article 20 of the Arbitration Law of the People's Republic of China.

   68．当事人约定争议可以向仲裁机构申请仲裁也可以向人民法院起诉的，仲裁协议无效。但一方向仲裁机构申请仲裁，另一方未在《中华人民共和国仲裁法》第二十条第二款规定的期间内提出异议的除外。

(69) Where the name of the arbitration institution specified in an arbitration agreement is not correct, but the specific arbitration institution for accepting the disputes can be determined, it shall be deemed that the arbitration institution has been selected.

   69．仲裁协议中约定的仲裁机构名称不准确，但能够确定受理纠纷的具体仲裁机构的，应当认定选定了仲裁机构。

(70) Where relevant international treaties, that are applicable to a foreign-related contract, contain arbitration provisions, concerned parties shall file an application for arbitration in accordance with such provision, in the case of any disputes arising from the contract.

   70．涉外合同应当适用的有关国际条约中有仲裁规定的，发生合同争议时，当事人应当按照国际条约中的仲裁规定提请仲裁。

2. Examination of Foreign-Related Arbitral Awards

   （二）涉外仲裁裁决的审查

(71) A people's court shall examine the arbitral award made by an arbitration committee legally established in China by applying different laws on the basis of whether the case involves foreign-related factors. An arbitral award involving no foreign-related factors made by said arbitration committee shall be examined in accordance with provisions prescribed in Chapters 5 and 6 of the Arbitration Law of the People's Republic of China and Article 217 of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China; a foreign-related arbitral award made by said arbitration committee shall be examined in accordance with provisions prescribed in Chapter 7 of the Arbitration Law of the People's Republic of China and Chapter 28 of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China. Whether the case involves any foreign-related factors shall be determined in accordance with provisions prescribed in Article 178 of the Opinions of the Supreme People's Court on the Implementation of the "General Rules of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China" (Trial).

   71．对在我国境内依法成立的仲裁委员会作出的仲裁裁决，人民法院应当根据案件是否具有涉外因素而适用不同的法律条款进行审查。上述仲裁委员会作出的不具有涉外因素的仲裁裁决，按照《中华人民共和国仲裁法》第五章、第六章和《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百一十七条的规定审查；上述仲裁委员会作出的具有涉外因素的仲裁裁决，按照《中华人民共和国仲裁法》第七章和《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二十八章的规定进行审查。是否具有涉外因素，应按照《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行＜中华人民共和国民法通则＞若干问题的意见（试行）》第178条的规定确定。

(72) A people's court shall examine the arbitral award made in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region or made by an arbitration institution in Taiwan Region in accordance with the Arrangement of the Supreme People's Court for the Mutual Implementation of Arbitration Ruling Between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region or the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Acknowledgement of Civil Rulings of Relevant Courts in Taiwan Region by the People's Courts.

   72．人民法院对在香港特别行政区作出的仲裁裁决或者台湾地区仲裁机构作出的仲裁裁决，应当按照《最高人民法院关于内地与香港特别行政区相互执行仲裁裁决的安排》或《最高人民法院关于人民法院认可台湾地区有关法院民事判决的规定》办理。

(73) Fees and examination period relating to the implementation of an arbitral award made in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macau Special Administrative Region, or Taiwan Region shall be subject to the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on the Issue concerning Fees Collection and Review Period for Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitration Awards (Fa Shi [1998] No. 28).

   73．涉及执行香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区、台湾地区仲裁裁决的收费及审查期限问题，参照法释[1998]28号《最高人民法院关于承认和执行外国仲裁裁决收费及审查期限问题的规定》办理。

(74) Where a people's court accepts the application filed by a party for cancellation of a foreign-related arbitral award, and another party applies for the implementation of the same, the people's court accepting the application for implementing the arbitral award shall rule to suspend the implementation.

   74．人民法院受理当事人撤销涉外仲裁裁决的申请后，另一方当事人又申请执行同一仲裁裁决的，受理申请执行仲裁裁决案件的人民法院应在受理后裁定中止执行。

(75) In the case that a party fails to raise objections to the jurisdiction of the arbitration court in the arbitration process, after an arbitral award has been made, the party claims to cancel or raises a plea against the execution of the arbitral award, the relevant people's court shall not uphold such plea or claim..

   75．当事人在仲裁程序中未对仲裁庭的管辖权提出异议，在仲裁裁决作出后以仲裁庭无管辖权为由主张撤销或者提出不予执行抗辩的，人民法院不予支持。

(76) Where the application filed by a party to a people's court for the cancellation of an arbitral award is overruled, and such party raises a plea against the execution of the arbitral award, the people's court shall not uphold such plea.

   76．当事人向人民法院申请撤销仲裁裁决被驳回后，又在执行程序中提出不予执行抗辩的，人民法院不予支持。

(77) Where a party claims against the execution of a mediation ruling or a arbitral award made based on the reconciliation agreement for the lack of enforcement of the arbitration mediation or the arbitral award made in accordance with the reconciliation agreement reached by parties, a people's court shall not sustain.

   77．当事人主张不予执行仲裁调解书或者根据当事人之间的和解协议作出的仲裁裁决书的，人民法院不予支持。

(78) Where a foreign-related arbitral award is beyond the arbitration agreement, the excessive ruling can be cancelled; where such ruling is an integral part of other rulings, the arbitral award shall be cancelled.

   78．涉外仲裁裁决超出仲裁协议范围的，可以撤销超裁部分的裁决；超裁部分与其他裁项不可分的，应撤销该仲裁裁决。

(79) In the case of any foreign-related arbitral award made under any circumstances prescribed in Article 260 of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, a people's court may require the arbitration court to re-arbitrate within a specified term, as the case may be. In requiring the arbitration court to re-arbitrate, it shall rule that the cancellation procedure shall be suspended; where such arbitration court re-arbitrates within the specified term, it shall rule to terminate the cancellation procedures; where such arbitration court refuses to re-arbitrate or fails to re-arbitrate within the specified term, it shall inform the arbitration court of or rule the resumption of the cancellation procedure. Parties concerned may lawfully apply for the cancellation of the ruling made by an arbitration court in re-arbitration where such parties demur to the same.

   79．对存在《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百六十条规定情形的涉外仲裁裁决，人民法院可以视情况通知仲裁庭在一定期限内重新仲裁。通知仲裁庭重新仲裁的，应裁定中止撤销程序；仲裁庭在指定的期限内开始重新仲裁的，应裁定终止撤销程序；仲裁庭拒绝重新仲裁或者未在指定的期限内重新仲裁的，应通知或裁定恢复撤销程序。对仲裁庭重新仲裁作出的裁决有异议的，有关当事人可以依法申请撤销。

(80) According to the actualities of cases, a people's court may have access to case dossiers of relevant arbitration agencies or require the same to make statement. Relevant ruling made by the people's court may also be sent to relevant arbitration agencies.

   80．人民法院根据案件的实际情况，可以向相关仲裁机构调阅案件卷宗或者要求仲裁机构作出说明，人民法院作出的有关裁定也可以抄送相关的仲裁机构。

3. Examination of Foreign Arbitral awards

   （三）外国仲裁裁决的审查

(81) In the case that a party applies to a people's court for the recognition and enforcement of the arbitral award made by a foreign arbitration institution or interim arbitration court outside of China, the people's court shall deal with such application in accordance with provisions prescribed in Article 269 of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China.

   81．外国仲裁机构或者临时仲裁庭在我国境外作出的仲裁裁决，一方当事人向人民法院申请承认与执行的，人民法院应当依照《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百六十九条的规定办理。

(82) Where a party only applies for the recognition of a foreign arbitral award with enforcement contents but fails to apply such enforcement, the people's court shall only examine whether or not to recognize the same. Where such party applies for the enforcement thereof after the people's court recognized the same, the people's court shall accept such application and examine whether or not to enforce the same.

   82．对具有执行内容的外国仲裁裁决，当事人仅申请承认而未同时申请执行的，人民法院仅对应否承认进行审查。承认后当事人申请执行的，人民法院应予受理并对是否执行进行审查。

(83) Where a party provides evidence proving that the foreign arbitral award has not come into force, or the execution thereof has been cancelled or suspended, the relevant people's court shall refuse to recognize and enforce the same. Where a foreign arbitral award is applied for cancellation or suspension of enforcement procedures abroad and has not been closed, the people's court may suspend the recognition and enforcement procedures; where a foreign court does not suspend the recognition and enforcement procedures under the same conditions, the people's court may adopt the principle of reciprocity.

   83．经当事人提供证据证明外国仲裁裁决尚未生效、被撤销或者停止执行的，人民法院应当拒绝承认与执行。外国仲裁裁决在国外被提起撤销或者停止执行程序尚未结案的，人民法院可以中止承认与执行程序；外国法院在相同情况下不中止承认与执行程序的，人民法院采取对等原则。

(84) In the case that a foreign arbitral award requires concerned parties to pay arbitrators' fees, the relevant arbitrator may not apply for the recognition and enforcement of the ruling with respect to arbitrators' fees because the arbitrator is not a concerned party of arbitral award, but the arbitrator may lodge a separate lawsuit regarding the arbitrator's fee with a people's court with jurisdiction on the ground of the arbitral award.

   84．外国仲裁裁决裁决当事人向仲裁员支付仲裁员费用的，因仲裁员不是仲裁裁决的当事人，其无权申请承认与执行该裁决中有关仲裁员费用的部分，但有关仲裁员可以单独就仲裁员费用以仲裁裁决为依据向有管辖权的人民法院提起诉讼。

VII. Cases Involving Disputes Relating to Foreign-Invested Enterprises

    七、关于外商投资企业纠纷案件

1. Disputes Arising from EJV Contracts or CJV Contracts

   （一）中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同纠纷

(85) EJV contracts and CJV contracts shall be subject to examination and approval by relevant examination and approval authorities. Where concerned parties fail to complete the approval formalities prior to the close of the court debate of the first instance, the people's court shall rule that such contracts have not come into force. In the case of any losses arising from contracts that have not come into force, the default party shall be ruled as liable for the damage to the other party; where both parties are default parties, the people's court shall rule that both parties shall be held civilly liable accordingly, based on the default.

   85．中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同应当报经有关审查批准机关审查批准，在一审法庭辩论终结前当事人未能办理批准手续的，人民法院应当认定该合同未生效。由于合同未生效造成的损失，应当判令有过错的一方向另一方承担损害赔偿责任；双方都有过错的，应当根据过错大小判令双方承担相应的民事责任。

(86) Under the premise that EJV contracts or CJV contracts are valid, the investors of such EJVs or CJVs shall fully perform their respective obligations of contribution or provision of cooperative conditions according to the methods, amounts, and time limits specified in the contract; otherwise, such investors shall be liable for the breach of contract. In the case that contribution or provision of cooperative conditions involves the transfer of the ownership of the land use right, premises, and machinery equipment according to the EJV contracts or CJV contracts, the people's court shall rule that the party with such obligation shall undertake the corresponding liability for breach of contract by taking into account the conditions where the said distinguishing the facts that the same has been transferred to such enterprises for use without going through transfer formalities and that the same has not been transferred to such enterprise for use and the transfer formalities have not been gone through.

   86．在中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同有效的前提下，中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业的投资者应当根据合同约定的方式、数额、期限等全面履行各自的出资义务或者提供合作条件的义务，否则应当承担相应的违约责任。对于中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同中约定以土地使用权、厂房、机器设备等需要办理过户手续的方式出资或者提供合作条件的，应当区分已交付合资、合作企业使用但未办理过户手续的情形和未交付使用且未办理过户手续的情形，判令负有履行该义务的一方当事人承担相应的违约责任。

2. Disputes over Equity Interests of Foreign-Invested Enterprises

   （二）外商投资企业的股权纠纷

(87) The shareholders and their equity shares of a foreign-invested enterprise shall be determined against the names of shareholders and their equity shares as indicated in the certificates approved by relevant examination and approval authorities. In the case that any natural persons, legal persons, or organization other than shareholders indicated in the approval certificate of a foreign-invested enterprise lodge a civil litigation to a people's court requesting the determination of their shareholders' position and equity shares in such foreign-invested enterprise, the people's court shall have such natural persons, legal persons, or other organization settle such litigation through administrative review or administrative litigation; where such natural persons, legal persons, or other organization insists upon lodging the civil litigation to the people's court, the people's court shall overrule their proceedings after accepting such cases.

Where any natural persons, legal persons, or organizations other than the shareholders indicated in the approval certificate of a foreign-invested enterprise lodge civil litigations to a people's court requiring the shareholders of such foreign-invested enterprise to pay agreed interests to them on the grounds of the agreement executed by shareholders of such foreign-invested enterprises and them, the people's court shall accept such cases.

   87．外商投资企业股东及其股权份额应当根据有关审查批准机关批准证书记载的股东名称及股权份额确定。外商投资企业批准证书记载的股东以外的自然人、法人或者其他组织向人民法院提起民事诉讼，请求确认其在该外商投资企业中的股东地位和股权份额的，人民法院应当告知该自然人、法人或者其他组织通过行政复议或者行政诉讼解决；该自然人、法人或者其他组织坚持向人民法院提起民事诉讼的，人民法院在受理后应当判决驳回其诉讼请求。

   外商投资企业批准证书记载的股东以外的自然人、法人或者其他组织根据其与外商投资企业的股东之间的协议，向人民法院提起民事诉讼，请求外商投资企业的股东向其支付约定利益的，人民法院应予受理。

(88) The contracts of foreign-invested enterprises for equity transfer shall be subject to examination and approval by relevant examination and approval authorities. Where parties concerned fail to go through approval formalities prior to the conclusion of the court debate at the first instance, the people's court shall rule that such contracts have not come into force. In the case of any losses arising from contracts that have not come into force, the default party shall be ruled liable for the damages to the other party; where both parties are default parties, the people's court shall rule that both parties be held civilly liable accordingly, based on the default.

   88．外商投资企业的股权转让合同，应当报经有关审查批准机关审查批准，在一审法庭辩论终结前当事人未能办理批准手续的，人民法院应当认定该合同未生效。由于合同未生效造成的损失，应当判令有过错的一方向另一方承担损害赔偿责任；双方都有过错的，应当根据过错大小判令双方承担相应的民事责任。

3. Disputes over the Operation and Management of Foreign-Invested Enterprises

   （三）外商投资企业的经营管理纠纷

(89) The undertaking of contracts of EJVs and CJVs shall be subject to examination and approval by relevant examination and approval authorities. Where concerned parties fail to complete approval formalities prior to the close of the court debate of the first instance, the people's court shall rule that such contracts have not come into force. In the case of any losses arising from the contracts that have not come into force, the default party shall be ruled liable for the damage to the other party; where both parties are default parties, the people's court shall rule that both parties shall bear civil liability accordingly, based on the default.

   89．中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业的承包经营合同应当报经有关审查批准机关审查批准，在一审法庭辩论终结前当事人未能办理批准手续的，人民法院应当认定该合同未生效。由于合同未生效造成的损失，应当判令有过错的一方向另一方承担损害赔偿责任；双方都有过错的，应当根据过错大小判令双方承担相应的民事责任。

(90) Where any shareholders of a foreign-invested enterprise lodge lawsuits to a people's court against such foreign-invested enterprise as the defendant in request for profit distribution, the people's court shall accept such cases.

   90．外商投资企业的股东以该外商投资企业为被告向人民法院提起诉讼，请求分配利润的，人民法院应予受理。

(91) Where a foreign-invested enterprise lodges a lawsuit to a people's court against the natural persons, legal persons, or other organizations holding the official seal of such foreign-invested enterprise requiring them to return such seal, the people's court shall accept such case.

   91．外商投资企业以持有该外商投资企业公章的自然人、法人或者其他组织为被告向人民法院提起诉讼，请求返还公章的，人民法院应予受理。

4. Liquidation of Foreign-Invested Enterprises

   （四）外商投资企业的清算

(92) Before a foreign-invested enterprise terminates its operations, it shall be subject to liquidation in accordance with the provisions prescribed in the Measures for the Liquidation of Foreign-Invested Enterprises. A foreign-invested enterprise may be subject to a special liquidation if the normal liquidation is not applicable, such special liquidation shall be organized by the approval authorities of the enterprise or their commissioned departments. The people's court shall accept and hear the cases with respect to the disputes arising from the liquidation, over which the people's court has jurisdiction.

Prior to the completion of the liquidation, a foreign-invested enterprise shall remain eligible to institute law suits; in the event that the foreign-invested enterprise has established a liquidation group, such liquidation group shall participate in any civil litigations on behalf of the foreign-invested enterprise during the liquidation.

   92．外商投资企业终止之前，必须根据《外商投资企业清算办法》的规定进行清算。外商投资企业不能进行普通清算而进行特别清算的，由企业审批机关或其委托的部门负责组织。人民法院对清算过程中发生的纠纷享有管辖权的，应予受理。

   在清算终结前，外商投资企业的诉讼主体资格依然存在；已经成立清算组织的，在清算期间，清算组织代表企业参与民事诉讼活动。

VIII. Restrictions on Concerned Parties from Exiting China

    八、关于限制当事人出境

(93) In trying foreign-related commercial dispute cases, a people's court may place restrictions on relevant personnel from exiting China if they meet all of the following conditions: (a) personnel who have unfinished foreign-related commercial dispute cases in China; (b) personnel who have been restricted from exiting China are parties to unfinished cases, or legal representatives or responsible persons of such parties; (c) there is the possibility of them evading litigation or performance of statutory obligations; and (d) their exiting will likely cause difficulties in trying or enforcing the cases.

The adoption of the restriction from exiting China shall be made in accordance with the Provisions on the Lawful Restriction on Foreigners and Chinese Citizens from Exiting China (Gong Fa [87] No. 16) jointly issued by the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security, and Ministry of State Security.

   93．人民法院在审理涉外商事纠纷案件中，对同时具备下列条件的有关人员，可以采取措施限制其出境：（1）在我国确有未了结的涉外商事纠纷案件； （2）被限制出境人员是未了结案件中的当事人或者当事人的法定代表人、负责人；（3）有逃避诉讼或者逃避履行法定义务的可能；（4）其出境可能造成案件难以审理、无法执行的。

   采取限制出境措施必须严格依照最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、国家安全部[87]公发16号《关于依法限制外国人和中国公民出境问题的若干规定》审查办理，从严掌握。

(94) Measures for restriction a concerned party from exiting China may be taken after the relevant party to a case files an application. Where necessary, the people's court may order the applicant to provide effective guarantee.

   94．限制出境措施在案件一方当事人提出申请后采取。人民法院在必要时，可以责令申请人提供有效的担保。

(95) In the case that the restriction from exiting China was made by the retention of valid emigration papers, the people's court shall orally notify the persons whose emigration papers are retained of such restriction, withdraw the certification of paper retention, return the retained papers, and have such persons acknowledge the receipt of such papers so returned, and the decision on the paper retention in restricting the same from exiting China shall be automatically cancelled, where such persons or their guarantors provide effective guarantee (the amount of provided guarantee shall be equivalent to the amount claimed for in the litigation) to the people's court or have performed statutory obligations. The people's court which made the decision of paper retention shall inform the public security and immigration departments of the release of such restriction, in writing.

   95．限制出境采取扣留有效出境证件方式的，被扣证人或者其担保人向人民法院提供有效担保（提供担保的数额应相当于诉讼请求的数额）或者履行了法定义务后，人民法院应立即口头通知被扣证人解除限制，收回扣留证件证明，发还所扣留的证件，由被扣证人签收，限制其出境的扣证决定自行撤销。作出扣证决定的人民法院应将解除出境限制的有关情况书面通知公安、边检部门。

(96) All expenses arising from adopting the restriction from exiting China by a people's court shall be pre-paid by the applicant and at the cost of the losing party.

   96．人民法院采取限制出境措施过程中产生的费用，由申请人预交，最终应判令由败诉一方当事人负担。

IX. Disputes over the Release of Goods without Original Bill of Lading with Respect to Maritime Transportation

    九、关于海上货物运输无正本提单放货纠纷案件

1. Carriers Deliver Goods

   （一）承运人交付货物

(97) Subject to the provisions prescribed in Article 71 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China, a carrier shall deliver goods to the person named in and in possession of the bill of lading.

   97．根据《中华人民共和国海商法》第七十一条的规定，承运人应当向持有记名提单的记名人交付货物。

(98) The actual carrier shall deliver goods to the holder of the original bill of lading to the site of the original bill of lading issued by the carrier.

   98．实际承运人应当凭承运人签发的正本提单向正本提单持有人交付货物。

(99) A non-vessel operating common carrier, as a carrier, shall deliver goods against its issued original bill of lading. Where the actual carrier issues its own bill of lading for performing a contract of maritime transportation without being requested by the non-vessel operating common carrier, the actual carrier shall deliver goods to the non-vessel operating common carrier or its agent at the destination port or entreport against the record of its issued bill of lading.

   99．无船承运人作为承运人，应当凭其本人签发的正本提单交付货物。实际承运人应无船承运人请求，为履行海上运输合同签发本人提单的，根据本人签发提单的记载，应当在目的港或者中转港向无船承运人或其代理人交付货物。

(100) Where a carrier discharges goods to the port company or warehouse company at the port of discharge, it shall not be deemed as a release of goods without the original bill of lading.

   100．承运人依据《中华人民共和国海商法》第八十六条的规定，将货物在卸货港卸在港务公司或者仓储公司的，不构成无正本提单放货。

2. Indemnity Liabilities

   （二）赔偿责任

(101) Any carrier who causes losses to the holder of the original bill of lading by releasing goods without the same shall be liable for the breach of contract; where the consignee takes the delivery of goods without the original bill of lading or other responsible persons release goods without the original bill of lading causing losses to the holder of the original bill of lading, the consignee or other responsible persons without original bill of lading shall be liable for the infringement.

   101．承运人因无正本提单放货给正本提单持有人造成损失的，应当承担违约责任；提货人因无正本提单提货或者其他责任人因无正本提单放货给正本提单持有人造成损失的，无正本提单提货人或者其他责任人应当承担侵权责任。

(102) Being liable for releasing goods without the original bill of lading, the carrier shall not quote the provisions on the limitation of indemnity liabilities as is prescribed in Article 56 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China.

   102．承运人承担无正本提单放货责任，不得援引《中华人民共和国海商法》第五十六条关于限制赔偿责任的规定。

(103) Where both the carrier and the actual carrier are liable for indemnity with respect to the release of goods without the original bill of lading, subject to the provisions prescribed in Article 63 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China, both parties shall be jointly and severally liable therefor.

   103．承运人与实际承运人对无正本提单放货均负有赔偿责任的，依据《中华人民共和国海商法》第六十三条的规定，应当承担连带责任。

(104) The antedated bill of lading or advanced bill of lading of the carrier will not affect the right of the holder of original bill of lading to claim for the release of goods without the original bill of lading against the carrier.

   104．承运人倒签提单或者预借提单，不影响正本提单持有人向承运人主张无正本提单放货的权利。

(105) Any carriers who release goods at the sight of forged original bill of lading shall be liable for releasing goods without original bill of lading.

   105．承运人凭伪造的正本提单放货，应当承担无正本提单放货的赔偿责任。

(106) Where any agents of carriers release goods without the original bill of lading under the instruction of such carrier, or where the agents of carriers release goods beyond the power of attorney without the original bill of lading, but ratified by carriers, carriers shall be liable for releasing goods without the original bill of lading.

   106．承运人的代理人根据承运人的指示无正本提单放货，或者承运人的代理人超越代理权无正本提单放货后得到承运人追认的，由承运人承担无正本提单放货的赔偿责任。

3. Compensation Scope

   （三）赔偿范围

(107) The compensation liability of a carrier for releasing goods without the original bill of lading shall be to the extent of the losses caused by the carrier for breaching the shipment contract. The compensation scope may include: (a) price of goods when being shipped. The price can be determined on the basis of the prices specified in the trade contract, settlement bills or verification bills; where there is any discrepancy in the amount, the price shall be determined on the basis of actually paid prices; (b) losses to interests of actually paid prices; and (c) actually paid freights and premiums.

   107．承运人承担的无正本提单放货违约赔偿责任，应当相当于承运人本人违反运输合同所造成的损失。赔偿范围可以包括：（1）货物装船时的价值。货物装船时的价值可以依据贸易合同约定的价格、结算单据或者核销单据确定，数额不一致的，依实际支付的货款额确定；（2）实际支付货款的利息损失； （3）实际支付的运费和保险费。

(108) After the release of goods without the original bill of lading, where the goods are in the possession of the holder of the original bill of lading yet the holder still suffers losses, the carrier shall compensate for such losses.

   108．无正本提单放货后，正本提单持有人虽然占有货物，但仍有损失的，承运人应当予以赔偿。

(109) A consignee shall be held liable for tort compensation if the consignee collects the goods without the original bill of lading while other persons subject to liability shall be held liable for tort compensation if they release goods without the original bill of lading, the compensation amount thereof shall be equivalent to the the losses actually suffered by the obligees. The compensation scope may include: (a) prices of goods when being shipped. The price can be determined on the basis of the prices specified in the trade contract, settlement bills or verification bills; where there is any discrepancy in the amount, the price shall be determined on the basis of actually paid prices; (b) actually paid freights and premiums; and (c) other actual losses.

   109．提货人因无正本提单提货或者其他责任人因无正本提单放货承担的侵权赔偿责任，应当相当于权利人因此所遭受的实际损失。赔偿范围可以包括：（1）货物装船时的价值。货物装船时的价值可以依据贸易合同约定的价格、结算单据或者核销单据确定，数额不一致的，依实际支付的货款额确定； （2）实际支付的运费和保险费；（3）实际发生的其他损失。

4. Exemption of Indemnification Liabilities

   （四）赔偿责任的免除

(110) In any of the following circumstances, the carrier shall not be held liable for indemnification for releasing goods without original bill of lading: (1) the carrier has enough evidence proving that the holder of original bill of lading acknowledges the release without original bill of lading; (2) the laws of the place in the location of discharge port as specified in the bill of lading compulsorily prescribes that the arrived goods shall be delivered to the local customs or port authorities; or (3) there is nobody to take the delivery of goods at the destination port and the carrier delivers goods under the instruction of the shipper.

In the case that the holder of the original bill of lading has been in possession of goods without losses or has recovered the losses, if any, after the release of goods without original bill of lading, where the holder of original bill of lading lodges lawsuits to the people's court requesting the carrier to be liable for compensation, such request shall not be supported by the people's court.

   110．有下列情况之一的，承运人不承担无正本提单放货的赔偿责任： （1）承运人有充分证据证明正本提单持有人认可无正本提单放货；（2）提单载明的卸货港所在地法律强制性规定到港的货物必须交付给当地海关或港口当局；（3）目的港无人提货，承运人按照托运人的指示交付货物。

   无正本提单放货后，正本提单持有人已经占有货物但没有发生损失的，或者虽有损失但已经挽回，正本提单持有人向人民法院提起诉讼，请求承运人承担赔偿责任的，人民法院不予支持。

5. Burden of Proof, Claimants, and Limitation of Action

   （五）举证责任、索赔请求人、诉讼时效

(111) Where the holder of the original bill of lading lodges a lawsuit under the pretext that the carrier has no original bill of lading, such holder shall submit the original bill of lading and provide preliminary evidence proving the fact that goods cannot be taken at the discharging port with the original bill of lading or the fact that the carrier releases goods without the original bill of lading.

   111．正本提单持有人以承运人无正本提单放货为由提起诉讼，应当提交正本提单，并提供初步证据，证明凭正本提单在卸货港无法提取货物的事实或者承运人凭无正本提单放货的事实。

(112) Subject to the provisions prescribed in Article 257 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China, in the case of a lawsuit lodged by the holder of the original bill of lading under the pretext that the carrier releases goods without the original bill of lading, the limitation of action shall be one year beginning from the date the carrier should deliver the goods.

   112．根据《中华人民共和国海商法》第二百五十七条的规定，正本提单持有人以无正本提单放货为由向承运人提起的诉讼，时效期间为一年，从承运人应当交付货物之日起计算。

(113) Subject to the provisions prescribed in Article 92 and Article 135 of the General Rules for the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China, in the case of an infringement lawsuit lodged by the holder of the original bill of lading, under the pretext that the consignee takes the delivery of goods without the original bill of lading or other responsible persons release goods without the original bill of lading, the limitation of action shall be two years beginning from the date the holder of the original bill of lading knew or ought to know that the goods have been taken or that the right has been infringed.

   113．根据《中华人民共和国民法通则》第九十二条、第一百三十五条的规定，正本提单持有人以提货人无正本提单提货或者其他责任人无正本提单放货为由提起侵权诉讼的，时效期间为二年，从正本提单持有人知道或者应当知道货物被提取或者权利被侵害之日起计算。

(114) Where the holder of the original bill of lading claims for rights against the carrier, the suspension of the limitation of action shall be subject to the provisions prescribed in Article 267 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China; where the holder of the original bill of lading claims for rights against responsible persons other than the consignee who takes the delivery of goods without the original bill of lading or the carrier, the suspension of limitation of action shall be subject to the provisions prescribed in Article 140 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China.

   114．正本提单持有人向承运人主张权利的，诉讼时效期间中断适用《中华人民共和国海商法》第二百六十七条的规定；正本提单持有人向无正本提单提货人或者承运人以外的其他责任人主张权利的，诉讼时效期间中断适用《中华人民共和国民法通则》第一百四十条的规定。

X. Cases Involving Disputes over Maritime Insurance Contracts

    十、关于海上保险合同纠纷案件

1. Application of Law

   （一）法律适用

(115) In the trial of disputes over maritime insurance contracts, relevant provisions of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China shall govern; in the absence of provisions of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China, the Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China and other laws shall govern.

   115．审理海上保险合同纠纷案件，适用《中华人民共和国海商法》的有关规定；《中华人民共和国海商法》没有规定的，适用《中华人民共和国保险法》等其他法律规定。

(116) The insurance accidents that take port facilities and docks as the insured subject matters are neither maritime accident nor inner land or land accidents relating to maritime navigation. In the trial of disputes over insurance contracts that take port facilities and docks as the insured subject matters, a maritime court shall apply the Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China.

In the case of insurance accidents in which vessels collide with the dock, the exercise of subrogation of dock insurers for claiming compensation from the vessel owners shall be subject to the provisions of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China.

   116．港口设施及码头等作为保险标的的保险事故，不属于海上事故，亦不属于与海上航行有关的发生于内河或者陆上的事故，海事法院审理港口设施及码头等作为保险标的的保险合同纠纷案件，应当适用《中华人民共和国保险法》的规定。

   发生船舶碰撞码头保险事故时，码头保险人行使代位请求赔偿权利向船舶所有人追偿的，适用《中华人民共和国海商法》的规定。

2. Conclusion, Rescission, and Transfer of Maritime Insurance Contracts

   （二）海上保险合同的订立、解除和转让

(117) Any insurers who knows or ought to know that the insured intentionally fails to perform the obligation of faithful notification as prescribed in Paragraph 1 of Article 222 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China, but continues to collect premiums or pay insurance compensation, is no longer allowed to exercise the right of rescinding contracts as prescribed in Article 223 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China on the grounds that the insured fails to faithfully inform of important issues.

   117．保险人知道或者应当知道被保险人故意不履行《中华人民共和国海商法》第二百二十二条第一款规定的如实告知义务，仍继续收取保险费或者支付保险赔款的，不得再以被保险人未如实告知重要情况为由行使《中华人民共和国海商法》第二百二十三条规定的解除合同的权利。

(118) Where the insured violates the warranty clauses specified in the contract but fails to promptly notify the insurer of the same in writing, the insurer is entitled to rescind the contract from the date the insured violates the warranty clauses; provided that the insurer shall be liable for compensating the losses resulting from the insurance accidents that occurred before the insured violates the warranty clauses. Where the insured has not paid the premium in full before the rescission of the contract, the insurer is entitled to collect the premium for the time before the contract rescission at a certain proportion. The premium received by the insurer in full shall not be returned.

   118．被保险人违反合同约定的保证条款但未立即书面通知保险人的，从违反保证条款之日起，保险人有权解除合同，但对于被保险人违反保证条款之前发生的保险事故造成的损失，保险人应负赔偿责任。合同解除前被保险人尚未支付保险费的，保险人有权按照比例收取合同解除前的保险费。保险人已经全部收取保险费的，不予退还。

(119) Any insurer who continues to collect premiums or pay insurance compensation, after the receipt of the notice stating that the insured has violated the warranty clauses specified in the contracts, shall not exercise the right of rescinding contracts as prescribed in Article 235 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China on the grounds that the insured violates the warranty clauses specified in the contracts.

In the case that an insurer, in accordance with the provisions prescribed in Article 235 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China, requests for the modification of the insurance conditions or increase of the premiums, if the insured does not agree to the request, the insurer may send a notice in writing to rescind the contract.

   119．保险人收到被保险人违反合同约定的保证条款通知后，仍收取保险费或者支付保险赔偿的，不得再以被保险人违反合同约定的保证条款为由，行使《中华人民共和国海商法》第二百三十五条规定的解除合同的权利。

   保险人根据《中华人民共和国海商法》第二百三十五条的规定要求修改承保条件、增加保险费，被保险人不同意的，保险人可以以书面形式解除合同。

(120) In the case of voyage insurance, the insured vessel shall be seaworthy. Where the insured violates this provision, the insurer will no longer be liable for compensation from the date the insured has so violated.

In the case of vessel term insurance, where the insured agrees to sail when having the full knowledge of the unseaworthiness of the vessel, the insurer shall not be liable for compensating any losses resulting from the unseaworthiness of the vessel.

   120．船舶航次保险中，保险船舶应保证开航时适航。被保险人违反此项规定的，从违反之日起，保险人不负赔偿责任。

   在船舶定期保险中，被保险人明知船舶不适航而同意开航的，保险人对此种不适航造成的损失，不负赔偿责任。

(121) Where the transfer of a vessel occurs during a voyage, the vessel insurance contract shall be rescinded upon the completion of such voyage. The rights and obligations under the vessel insurance contract within the time period from the transfer of the vessel till the completion of the voyage shall be transferred to the transferee.

Where the vessel transferee files an insurance compensation claim against the insurer pursuant to the preceding paragraph, such transferee shall submit valid insurance documents.

   121．船舶转让发生在航次之中的，船舶保险合同至航次终了时解除。船舶转让时起至航次终了时止的船舶保险合同的权利、义务转让给船舶受让人。

   船舶受让人根据前款规定向保险人请求保险赔偿时，应当提交有效的保险单证。

(122) Where the insured has known that an insurance accident occurred to goods shipped in batches according to an open policy, but still advises the insurer to issue the relevant insurance documents as under normal conditions, the insurer may be exempted from the liability for insurance compensation, unless otherwise specified by the contract.

   122．被保险人已经知道依据预约保险合同分批装运的货物发生保险事故仍以正常情况通知保险人签发保险单证的，保险人可以免除保险赔偿责任。合同另有约定的除外。

3. Insurance Benefits

   （三）保险利益

(123) Where the insured has no insurance benefits in connection with the insured subject matters when concluding the insurance contract, but has insurance interests in connection with the insured subject matters when insurance accidents happen, the insurer shall be liable for compensating the insured; Where the insured has insurance benefits in connection with the insured subject matters when concluding the insurance contract, but has no insurance interests in connection with the insured subject matters when insurance accidents happen, the insurer shall not be liable for compensating the insured.

   123．订立保险合同时被保险人对保险标的不具有保险利益但发生保险事故时被保险人对保险标的具有保险利益的，保险人应当对被保险人承担保险赔偿责任；订立保险合同时被保险人对保险标的具有保险利益但保险事故发生时不具有保险利益的，保险人对被保险人不承担保险赔偿责任。

4. Abandonment

   （四）委付

(124) Where the insurer does not accept abandonment in accordance with the provisions prescribed in Article 249 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China, it does not affect the right of the insured to require the insurer to compensate the losses incurred in the full amount.

   124．保险人根据《中华人民共和国海商法》第二百四十九条的规定不接受委付的，不影响被保险人要求保险人按照全部损失赔偿的权利。

5. Exercise of the Right of Subrogation by Insurers in respect of Compensation Claim

   （五）保险人行使代位请求赔偿权利

(125) Where a court has accepted a case involving disputes over the exercise of the right of subrogation by an insurer in respect of the compensation claim, the court shall trial the case only based on the legal relations between the third party and the insured. Where the third party raises objection to the validity of the insurance contract based on which the insurer exercises the right of subrogation in respect of compensation claim, the maritime court shall not examine such issues.

   125．受理保险人行使代位请求赔偿权纠纷的法院应当仅就第三者与被保险人之间的法律关系进行审理，第三者对保险人行使代位请求赔偿权利依据的保险合同效力提出异议的，海事法院不予审查。

(126) Before the insurer pays insurance compensation to the insured, where the insured lodges a lawsuit or files an arbitration claim against the third party, or where the third party agrees to perform its obligations, which causes the discontinuance of the limitation of action, the effect shall extend to the insurer.

   126．保险人向被保险人支付保险赔偿前，被保险人向第三者提起诉讼、提交仲裁或者第三者同意履行义务导致诉讼时效中断时，效力及于保险人。

(127) After the insurer actually pays insurance compensation to the insured and obtains the right of subrogation in respect of the compensation claim, the agreement on jurisdiction and arbitration reach by and between the insured and the third party for settling disputes shall not be binding on the insurer.

   127．保险人向被保险人实际赔付保险赔偿取得代位请求赔偿权利后，被保险人与第三者之间就解决纠纷达成的管辖协议以及仲裁协议对保险人不具有约束力。

XI. Cases Involving Disputes over Ship Collisions

    十一、关于船舶碰撞纠纷案件

1. Application of Law

   （一）法律适用

(128) The provisions prescribed in Chapter 8 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China do not apply to the collision of vessels on inland waterways; in the case of any disputes over collision of military vessels or official vessels in commercial activities and vessels referred to Paragraph 2 of Article 165 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China, relevant provisions of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China shall apply.

   128．《中华人民共和国海商法》第八章的规定不适用于内河船舶之间发生的碰撞；军事船舶、政府公务船舶在从事商业活动时与《中华人民共和国海商法》第一百六十五条第二款所称的船舶发生碰撞产生纠纷的，适用《中华人民共和国海商法》的有关规定。

(129) In the case of any infringement disputes arising from damage caused by ship collision, the rights and obligations of parties concerned shall be determined in accordance with the General Rules for the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China, and the the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Compensation for Property Damage in the Trial of Cases Involving Collision or Contact of Vessels shall apply to the determination of the scope of compensation liability.

   129．船舶触碰造成损害引起的侵权纠纷案件，适用《中华人民共和国民法通则》确定各方当事人的权利义务，适用《最高人民法院关于审理船舶碰撞和触碰案件财产损害赔偿的规定》确定损害赔偿责任范围。

2. Subjects Bearing Liability

   （二）责任主体

(130) A vessel owner shall be liable for vessel collision, unless the vessel is during a bareboat charter that has been legally registered. Where the vessel operator or manager has a fault on the vessel collision, the operator or manager shall be held jointly and severally liable with the vessel owners or the bareboat charterer, without prejudice to the circumstance where subjects bearing liability may seek reimbursement among themselves.

A vessel owner shall mean the person who has been legally registered as the vessel owner; where a vessel is not legally registered, the vessel owner shall mean the person actually in possession of such vessel.

   130．船舶所有人对船舶碰撞负有责任，船舶被光船租赁且依法登记的除外。船舶经营人或者管理人对船舶碰撞有过失的，与船舶所有人或者光船承租人承担连带责任，但不影响责任主体之间的追偿。

   船舶所有人是指依法登记为船舶所有人的人；船舶没有依法登记的，指实际占有船舶的人。

3. Third Party

   （三）第三人

(131) The property loss or losses of a third party referred to Paragraph 2 of Article 169 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China, shall mean the loss or losses directly caused by vessel collision to the properties other than goods on the vessels or properties carried by crew, passengers, or other personnel on the vessels with mutual negligence.

   131．《中华人民共和国海商法》第一百六十九条第二款规定的第三人财产损失，是指除互有过失的船舶上所载货物或船员、旅客或船上其他人员的物品外，由于船舶碰撞事故所直接造成的其他财产损失。

(132) Personal casualty of a third party referred to in Paragraph 3, Article 169 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China shall include the personal casualties of crew, passengers, and other personnel on the collided vessels.

   132．《中华人民共和国海商法》第一百六十九条第三款规定的第三人的人身伤亡，包括碰撞当事船舶上的船员、旅客和其他人员的人身伤亡。

(133) Where parties to the disputes over vessel collision have lodged lawsuits for the disputes over vessel collision, a maritime court shall suspend the trial of disputes over losses caused by vessel collision to the properties of a third party and resume the trial after the conclusion of the disputes over vessel collision.

   133．船舶碰撞纠纷的当事人之间已经就船舶碰撞纠纷提起诉讼的，海事法院对船舶碰撞造成第三人财产损失赔偿纠纷案件应当中止审理，待船舶碰撞纠纷案件审理终结后恢复审理。

4. Burden of Proof and Evidence Admission

   （四）举证责任和证据认定

(134) Where a third party claims for compensation for the property losses caused by ship collision, the parties in the case involving disputes over the ship collision shall assume the burden of proof placed upon them in proportion to the extent of the fault relevant to said ship collision. Where they cannot present evidence, they shall be liable for the consequence of the failure to present evidence.

   134．第三人因船舶碰撞造成的财产损失提出赔偿请求的，船舶碰撞纠纷的当事人对有关船舶碰撞中的过失程度比例承担举证责任。无法举证的，应承担举证不能的后果。

(135) Where parties to the dispute over a ship collision have reached an agreement on the proportion regarding the extent of the fault, they may bear the corresponding liability for compensation for the property losses of the third party according to the agreed proportion, provided that the lawful interests of any third party shall not be impaired.

Where parties to the dispute over a ship collision have only reached an agreement on the mutual compensation amount without specifying the compensation proportion regarding the extent of the fault, they may, according to the proportion determined based on compensation amount, bear corresponding liability for the compensation for the property losses incurred by the third party, provided that the lawful interests of any third party shall not be harmed.

   135．船舶碰撞纠纷的当事人之间就过失程度比例达成协议的，可以按照约定的比例对第三人的财产损失承担相应的赔偿责任，但不得损害第三人的合法利益。

   船舶碰撞纠纷的当事人之间仅就相互赔偿数额达成协议，而未明确相互过失程度比例的，按照赔偿数额确定的比例对第三人的财产损失承担相应的赔偿责任，但不得损害第三人的合法利益。

(136) The evidence collected by a maritime court from relevant departments during the investigations, following the application filed by parties, shall be presented after such parties provide evidence and present the note stating the provision of such evidence.

   136．海事法院根据当事人的申请向有关部门调查收集的证据，在当事人完成举证并出具完成举证说明书后出示。

(137) After the occurrence of a ship collision accident, the investigation materials obtained by the relevant competent authority, which have been confirmed by parties involved in such maritime accident, may serve as the evidence for the relevant maritime court to ascertain the facts of the accident if there no evidence to the contrary.

   137．若无相反证据，船舶碰撞事故发生后，主管机关进行事故调查过程中由海事事故当事人确认的海事调查材料，可以作为海事法院认定案件事实的证据。

5. Compulsory Salvage and Removal of Sunken Vessels and Objects

   （五）强制打捞清除沉船沉物

(138) Expenses arising from the compulsory salvage and removal of sunken vessels and objects shall be at the expense of owner or operators of the sunken vessels and objects.

   138．强制打捞清除沉船沉物而产生的费用，由沉船沉物的所有人或者经营人承担。

(139) Request for compulsory salvage and removal of sunken vessels and objects shall be a request for maritime compensation, and the provisions on limitation of liability for maritime accident compensation as prescribed in Chapter 11 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China shall not apply to the relevant responsible person.

   139．就沉船沉物强制打捞清除费用提出的请求为海事赔偿请求，责任人不能依照《中华人民共和国海商法》第十一章的规定享受海事赔偿责任限制。

(140) All expenses arising from the removal of stranded or sunken vessels may be allotted in advance from the prices gained from vessel auctions by exercising maritime liens.

   140．清除搁浅或者沉没船舶所产生的费用，可以在行使船舶优先权所拍卖船舶的价款中先行拨付。

XII. Disputes over Compensation for Oil Pollution Caused by Vessels

    十二、关于船舶油污损害赔偿纠纷案件

1. Application of Law

   （一）法律适用

(141) The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1992 (hereinafter referred to as "1992 Oil Pollution Convention") China has joined shall apply to the disputes over compensation for foreign-related oil pollution caused by vessels of contracting countries, including the disputes over compensation for oil pollution caused by Chinese vessels on international voyages in China's sea areas. The disputes over compensation for oil pollution caused in China's sea areas by Chinese vessels not on international voyages are not subject to the provisions of this Convention.

   141．我国加入的《1992年国际油污损害民事责任公约》（以下简称1992年油污公约）适用于具有涉外因素的缔约国船舶油污损害赔偿纠纷，包括航行于国际航线的我国船舶在我国海域造成的油污损害赔偿纠纷。非航行于国际航线的我国船舶在我国海域造成的油污损害赔偿纠纷不适用该公约的规定。

(142) With respect to cases involving disputes over compensation for oil pollution caused by vessels which are not subject to the 1992 Oil Pollution Convention, the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China, the Maritime Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, and other relevant administrative regulations shall apply in determining liabilities of the parties concerned; while the parties liable for the oil pollution may be entitled to the limitation of maritime compensation liabilities in accordance with provisions prescribed in Chapter 11 of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China.

   142．对于不受1992年油污公约调整的船舶油污损害赔偿纠纷，适用《中华人民共和国海商法》、《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》以及相关行政法规的规定确定当事人的责任；油污责任人亦可以依据《中华人民共和国海商法》第十一章的规定享有海事赔偿责任限制。

(143) With respect to cases involving disputes over compensation for oil pollution caused by vessels which are subject to the 1992 Oil Pollution Convention, where the relevant vessel owners and the insurers, or persons providing financial guarantee, for the purpose of obtaining the right of liability limitation provided for by law, constitute with a maritime court a limitation fund for claims in respect to oil pollution damage, provisions prescribed in Chapter 9 of the Special Maritime Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China shall apply.

   143．对于受1992年油污公约调整的船舶油污损害赔偿纠纷，船舶所有人及其责任保险人或者提供财务保证的其他人为取得公约规定的责任限制的权利，向海事法院申请设立油污损害赔偿责任限制基金的，适用《中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法》第九章的规定。

3. Claimants

   （二）索赔主体

(144) Any citizens, legal persons, or other organizations who incur property losses directly from oil pollution are entitled to claim for compensation against the parties liable for pollution.

   144．因船舶油污直接遭受财产损失的公民、法人或其他组织，有权向油污责任人提起索赔诉讼。

(145) The State competent maritime administrative authority or other enterprises and institutions may directly lodge lawsuits against the parties liable for oil pollution claiming compensation for the cost for preventing or mitigating oil pollution damage, including cost for cleaning up pollution.

   145．国家海事行政主管部门或其他企事业单位为防止或减轻油污损害而支出的费用，包括清污费用，可直接向油污责任人提起诉讼。

(146) Maritime environmental supervision and administrative authorities, authorized by the Maritime Environment Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, are entitled to lodge lawsuits against parties subject to liability on the behalf of the State within the authorized scope for the maritime environmental losses caused by oil pollution.

   146．《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》授权的海洋环境监督管理部门，有权在授权范围内代表国家，就船舶油污造成的海洋环境损失向油污责任人提起诉讼。

3. Burden of Proof

   （三）举证责任

(147) Without evidence to the contrary, the investigation reports made by the State competent maritime administrative authority may serve as the basis for the maritime court in trials.

   147．国家海事行政主管部门作出的调查报告，若无相反证据，可以作为海事法院审理案件的依据。

(148) In the case of indemnification litigation with respect to oil pollution caused by vessels, the affected parties shall be responsible for providing evidence of oil pollution damage, and the parties subject to liability shall be responsible for providing evidence proving the general defenses and that there is no causal relationship between oil pollution and the damage.

   148．因船舶油污引起的损害赔偿诉讼，受损害人应对油污损害承担举证责任，责任人应对法律规定的免责事由及船舶油污与损害之间不存在因果关系承担举证责任。

4. Oil Pollution Liabilities

   （四）油污责任

(149) With respect to disputes arising from oil pollution damage caused by vessels, which are subject to the 1992 Oil Pollution Convention, the owners of the vessels leaking oil shall be liable for the compensation for damage caused by vessel oil pollution.

In the case of disputes over oil pollution damage caused by vessels not subject to the 1992 Oil Pollution Convention, where the oil pollution damage is caused by vessel collision, the owners of collided vessels shall be held jointly and severally liable; provided that it will not affect the recovery among the responsible persons of oil pollution damage.

   149．对于受1992年油污公约调整的船舶油污损害赔偿纠纷，因船舶油污造成损害的，由漏油船舶所有人承担赔偿责任。

   对于不受1992年油污公约调整的油污损害赔偿纠纷，因船舶碰撞造成油污损害的，由碰撞船舶所有人承担连带赔偿责任，但不影响油污损害赔偿责任人之间的追偿。

5. Compensation Scope of Oil Pollution Damage

   （五）油污损害赔偿范围

(150) The compensation scope of oil pollution damage includes: (a) property losses incurred by citizens, legal persons, or other organization from vessel oil pollution; (b) clean-up costs for preventing or mitigating the pollution. The clean-up costs shall be computed based on such elements as polluted area, pollution extent, volume of spilled oil, cost for cleaners and equipment, and reasonable determination of the relevant evidence; and (c) loss to fisheries resources and maritime resources caused by vessel oil pollution, to the extent of the cost for reasonable recovery measures which have been actually taken or are to be taken.

   150．油污损害赔偿范围包括：（1）船舶油污造成的公民、法人或其他组织的财产损失；（2）为防止或减轻污染支出的清污费用损失。清污费用的计算，应当结合污染范围、污染程度、溢油数量、清污人员和设备的费用以及有关证据合理认定；（3）因船舶油污造成的渔业资源和海洋资源损失，此种损失应限于已实际采取或将要采取的合理恢复措施的费用。

6. Compensation for Cleaning Cost

   （六）清污费用的清偿

(151) In the disputes over compensation for oil pollution damage, where the obligees concerned request compensation for clean-up costs incurred thereby and other pollution damage, they shall be paid in proportion to the amount of creditors' rights as determined by the courts.

   151．在船舶油污损害赔偿纠纷中，权利人就清污费用的请求与其他污染损害赔偿的请求按照法院所确定的债权数额比例受偿。

XIII. Miscellaneous

    十三、其他

(152) In the absence of special provisions of these Minutes with respect to foreign-related maritime dispute cases, provisions on foreign-related commercial dispute cases set forth in these Minutes shall apply.

   152．涉外海事纠纷案件，本纪要没有特别规定的，适用本纪要关于涉外商事纠纷案件的有关规定。

(153) In the absence of special provisions of these Minutes with respect to the commercial and maritime dispute cases in connection with the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macau Special Administrative Region, or Taiwan Region, provisions of these Minutes with respect to foreign-related commercial and maritime dispute cases shall apply as a reference.

   153．涉及香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区以及台湾地区的商事海事纠纷案件，本纪要没有特别规定的，参照适用本纪要关于涉外商事海事纠纷案件的有关规定。