Presumption of Innocence-无罪推定与疑罪从无

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Presumption of innocence 无罪推定/疑罪从无

在翻译实践中,“presumption of innocence”既可被译为“无罪推定”,亦可被译为“疑罪从无”,二者具有一定的相关性,但又彼此区别,具体内容如下:

The presumption of innocence is a legal principle that every person accused of any crime is considered innocent until proven guilty. Under the presumption of innocence, the legal burden of proof is thus on the prosecution, which must present compelling evidence to the trier of fact (a judge or a jury). If the prosecution does not prove the charges true, then the person is acquitted of the charges. The prosecution must in most cases prove that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. If reasonable doubt remains, the accused must be acquitted. The opposite system is a presumption of guilt.

In many countries and under many legal systems, including common law and civil law systems (not to be confused with the other kind of civil law, which deals with non-criminal legal issues), the presumption of innocence is a legal right of the accused in a criminal trial. It is also an international human right under the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 11.

无罪推定原则(英语:presumption of innocence;拉丁语:ei incumbit probatio qui dicit),意指一个人若未被证实及判决有罪,在法院上应该先被假定为无罪。在许多国家的刑事诉讼中,无罪推定原则是所有被告都享有的法定权利,也是联合国国际公约确认和保护的基本人权。在这个原则下,提起公诉的检察官应负起举证责任,应负责收集足够的可靠证据,以证明被告在事实上的确有罪;而若法院要判被告有罪,则所使用的证据必须符合法律限制,而且不能超越合理怀疑。无罪推定最早是在启蒙运动中被作为一项思想原则提出来的。1764年7月,意大利刑法学家贝卡利亚在其名著《论犯罪与刑罚》中,抨击了残酷的刑讯逼供和有罪推定,提出了无罪推定的理论构想:“在法官判决之前,一个人是不能被称为罪犯的。只要还不能断定他已经侵犯了给予他公共保护的契约,社会就不能取消对他的公共保护。”这句话现在常被简化为“一个人未定罪之前,都是无罪的”。无罪推定是一种典型的直接推定,无须基础事实的证明,即认定该当事人无罪。换言之,证明被告有犯罪的责任由控诉一方承担,被告诉人不负证明自己无罪的义务。

例句1

The principles of no penalty without a law, presumption of innocence and procedural justice are the cornerstone of modern rule of law and the guarantee of fair justice, reflecting the inherent requirements of judicial rules. Strict administration of justice should be targeted at not only legal rules, but also these principles of the rule of law.

罪刑法定、无罪推定、程序公正等原则体现了司法规律的内在要求,是现代法治的基石,也是公正司法的保障。严格司法的对象,不仅包括法律规则,也应当包括这些法治原则。

例句2

For example, a strict legal interpretation system should be established to carry out the principle of no penalty without a law; systematic rules of evidence and strict systems of burden of proof and standard of proof should be set up to implement the principle of presumption of innocence; strict procedural system and relief system should be established to accomplish the principle of procedural justice.

例如,贯彻罪刑法定原则,要建立严格的法律解释制度;贯彻无罪推定原则,要建立系统的证据规则,并建立严格的证明责任和证明标准制度;贯彻程序公正原则,要建立严格的程序制度和救济制度。


疑罪从无是指刑事诉讼中,检察院对犯罪嫌疑人的犯罪事实不清,证据不确实、充分,不应当追究刑事责任的,应当作出不起诉决定。疑罪从无原则又称“有利被告原则”。无罪推定原则的一个派生标准。由于现有证据既不能证明被追诉的被告人的犯罪行为,也不能完全排除被追诉被告人实施了被追诉犯罪行为的嫌疑,根据无罪推定原则,从诉讼程序和法律上推定被追诉被告人无罪,从而终结诉讼的行为的法律原则。我国刑事诉讼程序为侦查、审查起诉、审判三个阶段,刑事诉讼法对疑罪从无原则在这三个阶段的适用分别规定了不同的处理方式,这些处理方式的差异有其合理性,但也存在缺陷。审判阶段是适用疑罪从无的典型阶段,审查起诉阶段检察机关享有选择适用疑罪从无的原则的权利,侦查阶段对适用疑罪从无原则未做明确规定,能否适用、如何适用需要通过对法律条文的前后逻辑关系进行推理而得出。

例句1

For example, the Criminal Procedure Law has defined such significant systems as exclusion of illegally obtained evidence and presumption of innocence. However, there are still some common problems in judicial practice, such as the difficulty in the exclusion of illegally obtained evidence and the difficulty of acquittal in cases of public prosecution. Meanwhile, the legal provisions concerning protection of human rights have not yet been well implemented. Such problems not only damage the authority of the law, but also seriously affect the fairness of litigation procedures.

例如,刑事诉讼法确立了非法证据排除、疑罪从无等重要制度,但司法实践中非法证据排除难、公诉案件无罪判决难等问题仍然普遍存在。同时,有关人权保障的法律规定也尚未得到很好的落实。此类问题既损害了法律的权威,又严重影响诉讼程序的公正性。

例句2

First of all, “doubtful cases” must be clearly defined to follow the principle of presumption of innocence. Doubtful cases as stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Law imply that the defendant cannot be found guilty for the evidence against the crime is insufficient. More specifically, doubtful cases refer to the cases with unclear facts of conviction and insufficient evidence, that is, the existing evidence is insufficient to prove that the defendant has committed the criminal offence accused by the prosecution.

首先,坚持疑罪从无原则,必须准确界定“疑罪”。刑事诉讼法所规定的疑罪是指指控犯罪的证据不足,不能认定被告人有罪。进一步讲,疑罪是指定罪事实不清、证据不足,即现有证据不足以证实被告人实施了控诉方指控的犯罪行为。


意义及典型案例:

“疑罪从无”作为无罪推定原则的一项具体内容,其意义在于:在既不能证明被告人有罪,又不能证明被告人无罪的情况下,推定被告人无罪。如果在美国有“普法”这一概念的话,那么轰动一时的辛普森涉嫌杀妻案的漫长审理过程,以及最终的无罪判决,堪称一次成功的普法教育,直到今天依旧为人们所津津乐道。从确立无罪推定,到向“疑罪从无”靠近,这当然是司法的进步。法院在三年五次审理后作出的无罪判决,比起更多同类案件最终语焉不详地“撤诉”或者“从轻”来,更加符合“疑罪从无”的原则。具体案例如下:

辛普森杀妻案

该案是依疑罪从无原则宣告无罪的典型案例。辛普森曾是六七十年代美国一名杰出的橄榄球运动员,退役之后成为著名的电视节目主持人和影视两栖明星。他与白人妻子妮科多年不合,并有多次体罚虐待其妻的记录。1992年3月,妮科提出离婚,并得到法庭批准。离婚后,又继续同居,辛普森的暴力行为一直没有停止。1994年6月12日,辛普森前妻尼科及其男友戈德曼在洛杉矶寓所双双被杀。案发后,警方首先确定的杀人嫌疑犯是辛普森。警方对辛普森的住所进行了搜查,发现了与死者血型相同的血迹,以及手套、球鞋等与出事现场留下的痕迹相吻合的物证。在法医处也得到了肯定的回答。1994年6月17日,洛杉矶警方决定逮捕辛普森。辛普森出逃,警方动用陆上和空中两股警力追逐嫌疑人。晚间,辛普森向警方投降。1995年1月,辛普森案开审。辩护律师指控警方主要负责此案的警官曾使用过侮辱黑人的字眼;警察局另外有人为了种族偏见,故意栽赃嫁祸辛普森,假造证据。在审理中主控官要求辛普森在法庭上戴上现场发现的手套,结果因为手套太小无法戴上。辩护律师攻击控方证据的漏洞,特别针对被告手穿不进血手套,同时攻击证人是种族歧视者以打击证据的可信度,强调控方没有足够的证据,要求陪审团判决被告无罪。警方虽已掌握了足以证明辛普森杀害前妻及其男友的证据,但他们为使案件更加“铁证如山”,伪造了一双沾有辛普森和他前妻血迹的袜子。最终被被告方证明袜子为实验室里的产物。1995年10月3日中午,陪审团宣布被告无罪。该审判历时一年零三天。

发布于 2021-07-01 09:41:25
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