违宪审查-- constitutional review或unconstitutional review?

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违宪审查 constitutional review

违宪审查(constitutional review),也称合宪性审查,是指基于权力制衡原则,由释宪机关判断命令、法律或者规章制度是否符合宪法。对于个人行为的司法审查属于传统司法权,而违宪审查则起源于美国(在该国被称为“司法审查”)。在20世纪后,违宪审查普遍发展为维护宪法机制的司法权力,是司法独立的象征。对于有硬性成文宪法的国家,宪法是一个国家位阶最高的根本法律,任何位阶在其下的法律都不得违反宪法或基本法。司法权借着违宪审查制度,可以将行政部门或立法部门所立的法案宣告其基于违反宪法而无效(大陆法系)或者径行决定在个案中不适用该违宪法案(英美法系),而这也代表违宪审查是现代国家为了实现权力分立及宪政原则,而须使司法权具备的典型功能之一。在不同国家的各种不同制度安排之下,有不同的违宪审查程序。违宪审查乃确定国家机关行为是否合宪的必要程序,缺少违宪审查便等同无法判定宪法是否已经落实。

Constitutional review, or constitutionality review or constitutional control, is the evaluation, in some countries, of the constitutionality of the laws. It is supposed to be a system of preventing violation of the rights granted by the constitution, assuring its efficacy, their stability and preservation. There are very specific cases in which the constitutional review differs from common law to civil law as well as judicial review in general.

例句1

在我国司法定位之特色下,我国司法审判机关与检察机关系由国家权力机关所派生;法、检两家法律地位并重,但检察院对法院的诉讼活动依法负有监督之责;此外,我国的司法并不享有违宪审查的权力,所有这些与西方三权分立、司法制衡议会与行政以及法检两家并非并列并重的一般司法定位特点,均有着显著的不同。

In view of the characteristic of judicial orientation, judicial trial organ and procuratorial organ in China are both derived from our state power organ; the court and the procuratorate are legally put on an equal footing, but the latter is responsible for supervising litigation-related activities of the former according to law; moreover, China’s judiciary does not enjoy the power of constitutional review. All these above are significantly different from the general feature of western judicial orientation characterized by separation of powers, judiciary’s check and balance over the parliament and administration, and unparallel courts and procuratorates.

例句2

要完善司法解释功能,避免以司法解释权代行违宪审查权的做法,把握好司法解释的法律底线和政治方向,注意司法解释的协调性,注重与现阶段的中国国情、中国司法的实践尤其是基层不同的司法情况相符合,及时清理过时的司法解释。

It is an inevitable requirement to improve the function of judicial interpretation, drive away any practice of exercising the power of judicial interpretation for the substitution of the power of constitutional review, keep to the legal bottom line and political orientation of judicial interpretation, pay attention to its coordination, and its consistency with China’s national conditions and judicial practices at the present stage, especially different judicial situations at the grass-roots level, and clear up outdated judicial interpretation in time.

例句3

The term “constitutional review” is usually characterized as a Civil Law concept, but some of the ideas behind it come from Common Law in countries, which have written constitutions. For instance, the USA was the first country to adopt judicial review based directly on its constitution , even though till this days the functions of the Constitutional Court and of the Court of the Last Appeal, are separated at neither Federal nor State levels.

“违宪审查”一词通常被描述为一个民法概念,但其背后的一些想法来自于已经制定宪法的国家的普通法。例如,美国是第一个直接根据宪法进行司法审查的国家,尽管直到今天,宪法法院和终审法院在联邦和州一级的职能都没有分离。


相关知识拓展:

一些国家设有专属的会议或法庭处理违宪审查,统称为宪法法院。有些司法案件情节敏感,例如解散政党,政府部门之间的争讼,或中央与地方之间的争讼,需要参考一些权威法学学者的见解。因此,有些宪法法院的权力包括处理这些争议,而在委任宪法法院的成员时,有部分是来自大学或研究院中的法学讲师或教授,而不是全数由其他法院晋升。

违宪(不合宪)一般是因为以下原因:

法律无法被解释成为合乎明文宪法要求,包含“宪章”(德语:Verfassung)及“宪律”(德语:Verfassungsgesetz)。

法律违背重要的法律原则,例如比例原则、平等原则、明确性原则、法律保留原则等。

法律有违自然法,例如在韩国,成功的政变利用权力明文宪法及法律令政权合法化的做法,一样可以被追溯,相关为政权“抹白”的法律违宪。

宪法学者认为违宪审查之界限判定,多基于审查机关是否为完全独立之机关;若非完全独立,则该机关会因为权力倾轧而导致其审查之事实有所偏颇,甚至导致判决不公;但若完全独立,则是否也有其审查的界限,众说纷纭;不过大致可以归纳为以下几点:

1.宪法明文规定该事实完全由审查机关以外之部门决定者。(例如中华民国宪法规定的监察院弹劾权)

2.审查机关对于事实认定上的资讯取得有明显困难者。(例如特定的行政惯例或宪政惯例,因反复确信遵行而难以考究其原因)

3.该事实主体有广泛、多变、专业的特性,审查机关所无法具体认定者。(例如国与国之间的国际问题)

4.判决后明确有造成相关机关执行上的困扰者。(例如国家对外宣战或媾和)

事实核心明显属于其他机关权责之事,又无违宪审查基准者。(例如机关首长的人事异动权)

发布于 2021-09-03 17:44:52
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